{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:36:04Z","timestamp":1784547364482,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital, Programa UNICO","award":["TSI-063000-2021-79"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSI-063000-2021-79"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital, Programa UNICO","award":["TSI-063000-2021-81"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSI-063000-2021-81"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital, Programa UNICO","award":["833685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["833685"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital, Programa UNICO","award":["101015857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101015857"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministerio de Asuntos Econ\u00f3micos y Transformaci\u00f3n Digital, Programa UNICO","award":["871808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871808"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["TSI-063000-2021-79"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSI-063000-2021-79"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["TSI-063000-2021-81"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSI-063000-2021-81"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["833685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["833685"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["101015857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101015857"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["871808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871808"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Network Digital Twin (NDT) is a new technology that builds on the concept of Digital Twins (DT) to create a virtual representation of the physical objects of a telecommunications network. NDT bridges physical and virtual spaces to enable coordination and synchronization of physical parts while eliminating the need to directly interact with them. There is broad consensus that Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are among the key enablers to this technology. In this work, we present B5GEMINI, which is an NDT for 5G and beyond networks that makes an extensive use of AI and ML. First, we present the infrastructural and architectural components that support B5GEMINI. Next, we explore four paradigmatic applications where AI\/ML can leverage B5GEMINI for building new AI-powered applications. In addition, we identify the main components of the AI ecosystem of B5GEMINI, outlining emerging research trends and identifying the open challenges that must be solved along the way. Finally, we present two relevant use cases in the application of NDTs with an extensive use of ML. The first use case lays in the cybersecurity domain and proposes the use of B5GEMINI to facilitate the design of ML-based attack detectors and the second addresses the design of energy efficient ML components and introduces the modular development of NDTs adopting the Digital Map concept as a novelty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1653964206000},"page":"4106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["B5GEMINI: AI-Driven Network Digital Twin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9743-8604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Mozo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ETSI Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos, Dpto. Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0311-6610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Karamchandani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETSI Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos, Dpto. Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9757-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"G\u00f3mez-Canaval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETSI Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos, Dpto. Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7201-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Dpto. Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas Telem\u00e1ticos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1770-1853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Ignacio","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Dpto. Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas Telem\u00e1ticos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2849-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETSI Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos, Dpto. Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28031 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Telef\u00f3nica I+D., 28050 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahlen, F.-J., Flumerfelt, S., and Alves, A. (2017). Digital Twin: Mitigating Unpredictable, Undesirable Emergent Behavior in Complex Systems. 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