{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:06:58Z","timestamp":1782173218937,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Phayao Province","award":["0021\/001\/2561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0021\/001\/2561"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Floods are the most frequent type of natural disaster. Flash floods are one of the most common types of floods, caused by rapid and excessive rainfall. Normally, when a flash flood occurs, the water of the upstream river increases rapidly and flows to the downstream watersheds. The overflow of water increasingly submerges villages in the drainage basins. Flash flood early warning systems are required to mitigate losses. Water level monitoring stations can be installed at upstream river areas. However, telemetry stations face several challenges because the upstream river areas are far away and lack of public utilities (e.g., electric power and telephone lines). This research proposes hybrid effortless resilient operation stations, named HERO stations, in the flash flood early warning system. The HERO station was designed and developed with a modular design concept to be effortlessly customized and maintained. The HERO station adapts its working operation against the environmental changes to maintain a long working period with high data sensing accuracy. Moreover, the HERO station can switch its communication mode between the centralized and decentralized communication modes to increase availability. The network of the HERO stations has already been deployed in the northern part of Thailand. It results in improvements of the telemetry station\u2019s availability. The HERO stations can adapt to environmental changes. The flash flood early warning messages can be disseminated to the villagers to increase the flood preparation time and to reduce flash flood damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1653964206000},"page":"4108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["HERO: Hybrid Effortless Resilient Operation Stations for Flash Flood Early Warning Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8308-1317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Autanan","family":"Wannachai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optimization Theory and Applications for Engineering SYStems Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1936-9054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somrawee","family":"Aramkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer, Faculty of Science and Technology, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai 50300, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benya","family":"Suntaranont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Tak 63000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9112-5134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuthapong","family":"Somchit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optimization Theory and Applications for Engineering SYStems Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1882-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paskorn","family":"Champrasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optimization Theory and Applications for Engineering SYStems Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dilley, M., Chen, R.S., Deichmann, U., Lerner-Lam, A.L., and Arnold, M. 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