{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T10:57:58Z","timestamp":1768733878418,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Human Resources Program in Energy Technology","award":["20194010000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20194010000040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sensing characteristics of toluene gas are monitored by fabricating ZnO nanorod structures. ZnO nanostructured sensor materials are produced on a Zn film via an ultrasonic process in a 0.01 M aqueous solution of C6H12N4 and Zn(NO3)2\u22196H2O. The response of the sensors subjected to heat treatment in oxygen and nitrogen atmospheres is improved by 20% and 10%, respectively. The improvement is considered to be correlated with the increase in grain size. The relationship between the heat treatment and sensing characteristics is evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1653964206000},"page":"4125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Analysis of the Response Characteristics of Toluene Gas Sensors with a ZnO Nanorod Structure by a Heat Treatment Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Dae-Hwan","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Gas Safety Corporation, Wonjung-ro, Maengdong-myeon, Eumseong-gun 27738, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eui-Hyun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Convergence and Fusion System Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dae-Hwang","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Climate Change and Energy, Kyungpook National University, Sankyuk-dong, Puk-Gu, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4730-2183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Wook","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nano and Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7201-0521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongjun","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Convergence and Fusion System Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4914-342X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Commerell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Hochschule Ulm, Eberhard-Finckh-Strasse 11, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeung-Soo","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Convergence and Fusion System Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si 37224, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"},{"name":"Institute for Global Climate Change and Energy, Kyungpook National University, Sankyuk-dong, Puk-Gu, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3390\/s100100765","article-title":"A nanopore structured high performance toluene gas sensor made by nanoimprinting method","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5469","DOI":"10.3390\/s100605469","article-title":"Metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors in environmental monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Fine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.06.145","article-title":"Detection of hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by metal oxide nanostructuresbased gas sensors: A review","volume":"42","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. 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