{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:30:43Z","timestamp":1760229043171,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in Japan","award":["JP205004001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP205004001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In terms of low power consumption and long-range communication\u2014low-power wide-area networks (LPWAN) are suitable for wireless sensor networks. Long-range (LoRa) wireless communication is one of the standards of LPWAN. LoRa shares common frequency spectrum bands with both multiple transmitters, which are the sensors in the LoRa system (and those in the other system). Therefore, co-channel interference (CCI) degrades the packet delivery rate. To avoid CCI, the CCI power and the occurrence probability of CCI in the target channel are estimated, then the sensor decides whether to use the channel and where the occurrence probability of CCI is defined as the channel occupancy ratio (COR). If a large signal power is obtained at the receiver, the received signal can be demodulated because of the capture effect. The desired signal power must also be estimated for the capture effect. In this study, we propose an estimation scheme based on chirp modulation of LoRa under spectrum sharing among other systems. The proposed scheme estimates the desired signal power, CCI power, and COR. From the computer simulation results, we clarify the advantages of the proposed scheme in terms of estimation accuracy and packet delivery rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1653964206000},"page":"4140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimation Based on Chirp Modulation for Desired and Interference Power and Channel Occupancy Ratio in LoRa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3221-6714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osamu","family":"Takyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Electrical & Computer Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaku","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Electrical & Computer Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3463-1233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichi","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7886-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeo","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77454","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2883151","article-title":"Low Power Wide Area Networks: A Survey of Enabling Technologies, Applications and Interoperability Needs","volume":"6","author":"Qadir","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2721379","article-title":"A Survey of Enabling Technologies of Low Power and Long Range Machine-to-Machine Communications","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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