{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:08:12Z","timestamp":1773155292372,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU Marie Sklodowska Curie program (to Dr Silvia Muceli)","award":["846679 INFANTPATTERNS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["846679 INFANTPATTERNS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface electromyography (sEMG) has been the subject of thousands of scientific articles, but many barriers limit its clinical applications. Previous work has indicated that the lack of time, competence, training, and teaching is the main barrier to the clinical application of sEMG. This work follows up and presents a number of analogies, metaphors, and simulations using physical and mathematical models that provide tools for teaching sEMG detection by means of electrode pairs (1D signals) and electrode grids (2D and 3D signals). The basic mechanisms of sEMG generation are summarized and the features of the sensing system (electrode location, size, interelectrode distance, crosstalk, etc.) are illustrated (mostly by animations) with examples that teachers can use. The most common, as well as some potential, applications are illustrated in the areas of signal presentation, gait analysis, the optimal injection of botulinum toxin, neurorehabilitation, ergonomics, obstetrics, occupational medicine, and sport sciences. The work is primarily focused on correct sEMG detection and on crosstalk. Issues related to the clinical transfer of innovations are also discussed, as well as the need for training new clinical and\/or technical operators in the field of sEMG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1653964206000},"page":"4150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Fundamental Concepts of Bipolar and High-Density Surface EMG Understanding and Teaching for Clinical, Occupational, and Sport Applications: Origin, Detection, and Main Errors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9286-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Campanini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAM-Motion Analysis Laboratory, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, S. Sebastiano Hospital, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Circondaria 29, 42015 Correggio, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5587-5686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAM-Motion Analysis Laboratory, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, S. Sebastiano Hospital, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Circondaria 29, 42015 Correggio, Italy"},{"name":"Merlo Bioengineering, 43121 Parma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7624-6961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Disselhorst-Klug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation & Prevention Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8239-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Mesin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematical Biology and Physiology Group, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0310-1021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Muceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Signal Processing and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, H\u00f6rsalsv\u00e4gen 11, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Merletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System (LISiN), Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00077","article-title":"High density electroencephalography in sleep research: Potential, problems, future perspective","volume":"3","author":"Lustenberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. 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