{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:48:10Z","timestamp":1772556490103,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFE0125300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFE0125300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over recent years, traditional manufacturing factories have been accelerating their transformation and upgrade toward smart factories, which are an important concept within Industry 4.0. As a key communication technology in the industrial internet architecture, time-sensitive networks (TSNs) can break through communication barriers between subsystems within smart factories and form a common network for various network flows. Traditional routing algorithms are not applicable for this novel type of network, as they cause unnecessary congestion and latency. Therefore, this study examined the classification of TSN flows in smart factories, converted the routing problem into two graphical problems, and proposed two heuristic optimization algorithms, namely GATTRP and AACO, to find the optimal solution. The experiments showed that the algorithms proposed in this paper could provide a more reasonable routing arrangement for various TSN flows with different time sensitivities. The algorithms could effectively reduce the overall delay by up to 74% and 41%, respectively, with promising operating performances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1653964206000},"page":"4153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Heuristic Routing Algorithms for Time-Sensitive Networks in Smart Factories"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0222-9859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110168, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Domestic Industrial Control Platform Technology on Basic Hardware and Software, Shenyang 110168, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5403-3922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110168, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Domestic Industrial Control Platform Technology on Basic Hardware and Software, Shenyang 110168, China"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110168, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Domestic Industrial Control Platform Technology on Basic Hardware and Software, Shenyang 110168, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8690-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110168, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Key Laboratory of Domestic Industrial Control Platform Technology on Basic Hardware and Software, Shenyang 110168, China"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110168, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6921-7369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangjie","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China"},{"name":"Changzhou Key Laboratory of Internet of Things Technology for Intelligent River and Lake, Changzhou 213022, China"}]},{"given":"Yuanguo","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110167, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Security Technology of Complex Network System, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110167, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.01.004","article-title":"Industry 4.0 technologies: Implementation patterns in manufacturing companies","volume":"210","author":"Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patera, L., Garbugli, A., Bujari, A., Scotece, D., and Corradi, A. (2022). A Layered Middleware for OT\/IT Convergence to Empower Industry 5.0 Applications. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010190"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.2018.1700047","article-title":"Time-Sensitive Networking: An Introduction","volume":"2","author":"Messenger","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedullo, T., Morato, A., Tramarin, F., Rovati, L., and Vitturi, S. (2022). A Comprehensive Review on Time Sensitive Networks with a Special Focus on Its Applicability to Industrial Smart and Distributed Measurement Systems. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041638"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larra\u00f1aga, A., Lucas-Esta\u00f1, M.C., Martinez, I., Val, I., and Gozalvez, J. (2020, January 8\u201311). Analysis of 5G-TSN Integration to Support Industry 4.0. In Proceedings of the 2020 25th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA46521.2020.9212141"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2888703","article-title":"An Introduction to OPC UA TSN for Industrial Communication Systems","volume":"107","author":"Bruckner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2869350","article-title":"Ultra-Low Latency (ULL) Networks: The IEEE TSN and IETF DetNet Standards and Related 5G ULL Research","volume":"21","author":"Nasrallah","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200100","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3035548","article-title":"Practical Implementation of an OPC UA TSN Communication Architecture for a Manufacturing System","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2021). EEE\/ISO\/IEC International Standard for Information Technology\u2013Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems\u2013Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2013Part 1AS:Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications in Bridged Local Area Networks (Standard No. ISO\/IEC\/IEEE 8802-1AS:2021(E))."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2021). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2013Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Systems (Standard No. IEEE Std 802.1BA-2021)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2021). IEEE Approved Draft Standard for Device Discovery, Connection Management, and Control Protocol for Time-Sensitive Networking Systems (Standard No. IEEE P1722.1\/D13)."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3104003","article-title":"IndustEdge: A Time-Sensitive Networking Enabled Edge-Cloud Collaborative Intelligent Platform for Smart Industry","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3096637","article-title":"An Integrated Framework for Health State Monitoring in a Smart Factory Employing IoT and Big Data Techniques","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seijo, \u00d3., Iturbe, X., and Val, I. (2021, January 9\u201311). SHARP: Implementation of a Hybrid Wired-Wireless TSN Network to Enable Flexible Smart Factories. Proceedings of the 2021 17th IEEE International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS), Linz, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/WFCS46889.2021.9483597"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellmanns, D., Glavackij, A., Falk, J., Hummen, R., Kehrer, S., and D\u00fcrr, F. (2020, January 27\u201329). Scaling TSN Scheduling for Factory Automation Networks. Proceedings of the 2020 16th IEEE International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS), Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/WFCS47810.2020.9114415"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Ma, Y., Yin, Z., Gu, A., and Xu, F. (2020, January 11\u201314). A Communication Model to Enhance Industrial Wireless Networks based on Time-Sensitive Networks. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 6th International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC51575.2020.9345100"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Yin, Z., Ma, Y., Wang, C., Chai, A., and Lian, M. (2021). Design and verification of secure communication scheme for industrial IoT intelligent production line system with multi-path redundancy and collaboration. Neural Comput. Appl.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-05990-z"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102312","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3097399","article-title":"Real-Time Communication Model Based on OPC UA Wireless Network for Intelligent Production Line","volume":"9","author":"Chai","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1145\/3378408.3378411","article-title":"Routing heuristics for load-balanced transmission in TSN-based networks","volume":"16","author":"Ojewale","year":"2020","journal-title":"SIGBED Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2016). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014 Bridges and Bridged Networks\u2014Amendment 24: Path Control and Reservation (Standard No. IEEE Std 802.1Qca-2015 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.1Q-2014 as Amended by IEEE Std 802.1Qcd-2015 and IEEE Std 802.1Q-2014\/Cor 1-2015))."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schweissguth, E., Danielis, P., Timmermann, D., Parzyjegla, H., and M\u00fchl, G. (2017, January 4\u20136). ILP-Based Joint Routing and Scheduling for Time-Triggered Networks. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems (RTNS \u201917), Grenoble, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/3139258.3139289"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falk, J., D\u00fcrr, F., and Rothermel, K. (2018, January 28\u201331). Exploring Practical Limitations of Joint Routing and Scheduling for TSN with ILP. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 24th International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA), Hakodate, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/RTCSA.2018.00025"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahfouzi, R., Aminifar, A., Samii, S., Rezine, A., Eles, P., and Peng, Z. (2018, January 19\u201323). Stability-aware integrated routing and scheduling for control applications in Ethernet networks. Proceedings of the 2018 Design, Automation Test in Europe Conference Exhibition (DATE), Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE.2018.8342096"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nayak, N.G., D\u00fcrr, F., and Rothermel, K. (2016, January 19\u201321). Time-Sensitive Software-Defined Network (TSSDN) for Real-Time Applications. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems (RTNS \u201916), Brest, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/2997465.2997487"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2017.2782235","article-title":"Incremental Flow Scheduling and Routing in Time-Sensitive Software-Defined Networks","volume":"14","author":"Nayak","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Precup, R.E., David, R.C., Petriu, E.M., Preitl, S., and Paul, A.S. (2011). Gravitational Search Algorithm-Based Tuning of Fuzzy Control Systems with a Reduced Parametric Sensitivity. Soft Computing in Industrial Applications, Proceedings of the 15th Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20505-7_12"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"T94","article-title":"HARD: Bit-Split String Matching Using a Heuristic Algorithm to Reduce Memory Demand","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rom. J. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.11.051","article-title":"Policy Iteration Reinforcement Learning-based control using a Grey Wolf Optimizer algorithm","volume":"585","author":"Zamfirache","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pozna, C., Precup, R.E., Horvath, E., and Petriu, E.M. (2022). Hybrid Particle Filter-Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm and Application to Fuzzy Controlled Servo Systems. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst.","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2022.3146986"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Z., Xu, F., Li, Y., Fan, C., Zhang, F., Han, G., and Bi, Y. (2022). A Multi-Objective Task Scheduling Strategy for Intelligent Production Line Based on Cloud-Fog Computing. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041555"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2016.2647440","article-title":"Exact and Approximate Stability of Solutions to Traveling Salesman Problems","volume":"48","author":"Niendorf","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2004.10.004","article-title":"The multiple traveling salesman problem: An overview of formulations and solution procedures","volume":"34","author":"Bektas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Omega-Int. J. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2014.09.029","article-title":"Two metaheuristic approaches for the multiple traveling salesperson problem","volume":"26","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2005.04.027","article-title":"A new approach to solving the multiple traveling salesperson problem using genetic algorithms","volume":"175","author":"Carter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2017.12.031","article-title":"A comparative study of improved GA and PSO in solving multiple traveling salesmen problem","volume":"64","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Gong, M., Pan, L., Song, T., and Zhang, G. (2016). Applying K-means Clustering and Genetic Algorithm for Solving MTSP. Bio-Inspired Computing\u2014Theories and Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2002.804190","article-title":"An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks","volume":"1","author":"Heinzelman","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2004.41","article-title":"HEED: A hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks","volume":"3","author":"Younis","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3944","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2358567","article-title":"SEECH: Scalable Energy Efficient Clustering Hierarchy Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"14","author":"Tarhani","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-09373-4","article-title":"FLEAC: Fuzzy Logic-based Energy Adequate Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks using Improved Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm","volume":"124","author":"Bhushan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2014.11.063","article-title":"MOFCA: Multi-objective fuzzy clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks","volume":"30","author":"Sert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.585892","article-title":"Ant colony system: A cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem","volume":"1","author":"Dorigo","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramamoorthy, R., and Thangavelu, M. (2021). An enhanced hybrid ant colony optimization routing protocol for vehicular ad-hoc networks. J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-021-03176-y"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"251","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence Based Reliable Load Balancing Framework in Software-Defined Networks","volume":"70","author":"Belgaum","year":"2022","journal-title":"CMC\u2014Comput. Mater. Contin."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5091","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.5091","article-title":"Multilevel controller-assisted intrinsically modified ant colony optimization heuristic-based load-balancing model for mega cloud infrastructures","volume":"35","author":"Govardhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cps.2016.0021","article-title":"Design optimisation of cyber-physical distributed systems using IEEE time-sensitive networks","volume":"1","author":"Pop","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Cyber-Phys. Syst. Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maxim, D., and Song, Y.Q. (2017, January 4\u20136). Delay Analysis of AVB Traffic in Time-Sensitive Networks (TSN). Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems (RTNS \u201917), Grenoble, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/3139258.3139283"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3106568","article-title":"IEEE 802.1AS Clock Synchronization Performance Evaluation of an Integrated Wired-Wireless TSN Architecture","volume":"18","author":"Val","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2016). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Bridges and Bridged Networks\u2014Amendment 25: Enhancements for Scheduled Traffic (Standard No. IEEE Std 802.1Qbv-2015 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.1Q-2014 as Amended by IEEE Std 802.1Qca-2015, IEEE Std 802.1Qcd-2015, and IEEE Std 802.1Q-2014\/Cor 1-2015))."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falk, J., Hellmanns, D., Carabelli, B., Nayak, N., D\u00fcrr, F., Kehrer, S., and Rothermel, K. (2019, January 18\u201321). NeSTiNg: Simulating IEEE Time-sensitive Networking (TSN) in OMNeT++. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Networked Systems (NetSys), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/NetSys.2019.8854500"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinbach, T., Kenfack, H.D., Korf, F., and Schmidt, T.C. (2011, January 21\u201325). An Extension of the OMNeT++ INET Framework for Simulating Real-Time Ethernet with High Accuracy. Proceedings of the 4th International ICST Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques (SIMUTools \u201911), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.simutools.2011.245510"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems, University of Stuttgart (2022, April 01). NeSTiNg Project Repository. Available online: https:\/\/gitlab.com\/ipvs\/nesting."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5574","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3031932","article-title":"Improving Latency Analysis for Flexible Window-Based GCL Scheduling in TSN Networks by Integration of Consecutive Nodes Offsets","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10291","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2020.3021638","article-title":"Latency Analysis of Multiple Classes of AVB Traffic in TSN with Standard Credit Behavior Using Network Calculus","volume":"68","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41803","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2858767","article-title":"Worst-Case Latency Analysis for IEEE 802.1Qbv Time Sensitive Networks Using Network Calculus","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Pop, P., Zheng, Z., and Li, Q. (2018, January 11\u201313). Timing Analysis of AVB Traffic in TSN Networks Using Network Calculus. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS), Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/RTAS.2018.00009"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2022, May 02). Simulation Project Repository of This Paper. Available online: https:\/\/gitee.com\/LiYueUCAS\/Heuristic-Routing-Algorithms-for-TSN.git."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2015.10.010","article-title":"A general variable neighborhood search heuristic for multiple traveling salesmen problem","volume":"90","author":"Soylu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2013.01.043","article-title":"A new crossover approach for solving the multiple travelling salesmen problem using genetic algorithms","volume":"228","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/11\/4153\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:21:59Z","timestamp":1760138519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/11\/4153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s22114153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22114153","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]}}}