{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T17:32:16Z","timestamp":1773336736642,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearable sensors are gaining attention in human health monitoring applications, even if their usability is limited due to battery need. Flexible nanogenerators (NGs) converting biomechanical energy into electrical energy offer an interesting solution, as they can supply the sensors or extend the battery lifetime. Herein, flexible generators based on lead-free barium titanate (BaTiO3) and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer have been developed. A comparative study was performed to investigate the impact of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) via structural, morphological, electrical, and electromechanical measurements. This study demonstrated that MWCNTs boosts the performance of the NG at the percolation threshold. This enhancement is attributed to the enhanced conductivity that promotes charge transfer and enhanced mechanical property and piezoceramics particles distribution. The nanogenerator delivers a maximum open-circuit voltage (VOC) up to 1.5 V and output power of 40 nW, which is two times higher than NG without MWCNTs. Additionally, the performance can be tuned by controlling the composite thickness and the applied frequency. Thicker NG shows a better performance, which enlarges their potential use for harvesting biomechanical energy efficiently up to 11.22 V under palm striking. The voltage output dependency on temperature was also investigated. The results show that the output voltage changes enormously with the temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T09:24:29Z","timestamp":1653989069000},"page":"4181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Collaborative Filler Network for Enhancing the Performance of BaTiO3\/PDMS Flexible Piezoelectric Polymer Composite Nanogenerators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2537-6920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayda","family":"Bouhamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Measurement and Sensor Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Stra\u00dfe 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}]},{"given":"Nathanael","family":"J\u00f6hrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Reliability of Microsystems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Stra\u00dfe 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}]},{"given":"Slim","family":"Naifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Measurement and Sensor Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Stra\u00dfe 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}]},{"given":"Benny","family":"B\u00f6hm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Magnetic Materials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Stra\u00dfe 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1351-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olav","family":"Hellwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Magnetic Materials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Stra\u00dfe 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Wunderle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Reliability of Microsystems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Stra\u00dfe 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7166-1266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olfa","family":"Kanoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Measurement and Sensor Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Stra\u00dfe 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanoun, O., Bradai, S., Khriji, S., Bouattour, G., El Houssaini, D., Ben Ammar, M., Naifar, S., Bouhamed, A., Derbel, F., and Viehweger, C. (2021). Energy-aware system design for autonomous wireless sensor nodes: A comprehensive review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020548"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanoun, O., Khriji, S., Naifar, S., Bradai, S., Bouattour, G., Bouhamed, A., El Houssaini, D., and Viehweger, C. (2021). Prospects of Wireless Energy-Aware Sensors for Smart Factories in the Industry 4.0 Era. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10232929"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanoun, O., Keutel, T., Viehweger, C., Zhao, X., Bradai, S., Naifar, S., Trigona, C., Kallel, B., Chaour, I., and Bouattour, G. (2018, January 19\u201322). Next generation wireless energy aware sensors for internet of things: A review. Proceedings of the 2018 15th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD), Hammamet, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSD.2018.8570695"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.02.065","article-title":"Investigation of the magnetostrictive effect in a terfenol-D plate under a non-uniform magnetic field by atomic force microscopy","volume":"97","author":"Naifar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viehweger, C., Keutel, T., and Kanoun, O. (2014, January 11\u201314). Energy harvesting for wireless sensor nodes in factory environments. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 11th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD14), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSD.2014.6808913"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naifar, S., Bradai, S., Keutel, T., and Kanoun, O. (2014, January 12\u201315). Design of a vibration energy harvester by twin lateral magnetoelectric transducers. Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Montevideo, Uruguay.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2014.6860925"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700029","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201700029","article-title":"Recent progress on piezoelectric and triboelectric energy harvesters in biomedical systems","volume":"4","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s40544-018-0217-7","article-title":"Fundamental theories and basic principles of triboelectric effect: A review","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Friction"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent advancement in TENG polymer structures and energy efficient charge control circuits","volume":"4","author":"Godwinraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Ind. Eng. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EE00014J","article-title":"High-performance piezoelectric nanogenerators based on chemically-reinforced composites","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10117","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA10315A","article-title":"Flexible hybrid structure piezoelectric nanogenerator based on ZnO nanorod\/PVDF nanofibers with improved output","volume":"9","author":"Fakhri","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201200105","article-title":"Flexible nanocomposite generator made of BaTiO3 nanoparticles and graphitic carbons","volume":"24","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villafuerte-Castrej\u00f3n, M.E., Mor\u00e1n, E., Reyes-Montero, A., Vivar-Ocampo, R., Pe\u00f1a-Jim\u00e9nez, J.A., Rea-L\u00f3pez, S.O., and Pardo, L. (2016). Towards lead-free piezoceramics: Facing a synthesis challenge. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9010021"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2021.108769","article-title":"A hybrid piezoelectric composite flexible film based on PVDF-HFP for boosting power generation","volume":"208","author":"Bouhamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1021\/nn406481k","article-title":"Hemispherically aggregated BaTiO3 nanoparticle composite thin film for high-performance flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator","volume":"8","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15700","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b02177","article-title":"High performance flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators based on BaTiO3 nanofibers in different alignment modes","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1021\/jz301805f","article-title":"BaTiO3 nanotubes-based flexible and transparent nanogenerators","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/ente.201700756","article-title":"A Flexible Lead-Free BaTiO3\/PDMS\/C Composite Nanogenerator as a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester","volume":"6","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095060","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa81a0","article-title":"Effect of reduced graphene oxide on the energy harvesting performance of P (VDF-TrFE)-BaTiO3 nanocomposite devices","volume":"26","author":"Yaqoob","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201370050","article-title":"Nanocomposites: Flexible and Large-Area Nanocomposite Generators Based on Lead Zirconate Titanate Particles and Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"3","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouhamed, A., Shi, Y., Naifar, S., Bautista-Quijano, J.R., and Kanoun, O. (2019, January 29\u201330). Carbon nanotubes for high performance flexible piezoelectric polymer composite nanogenerators. Proceedings of the 2019 5th International Conference on Nanotechnology for Instrumentation and Measurement (NanofIM), Sfax, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/NanofIM49467.2019.9233477"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2017.03.015","article-title":"Roles of carbon nanotube and BaTiO3 nanofiber in the electrical, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of flexible nanocomposite generators","volume":"144","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos Sci Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X19862379","article-title":"Reduced percolation threshold of multi-walled carbon nanotubes\/polymer composites by filling aligned ferromagnetic particles","volume":"31","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanoun, O., Bouhamed, A., Ramalingame, R., Bautista-Quijano, J.R., Rajendran, D., and Al-Hamry, A. (2021). Review on conductive polymer\/CNTs nanocomposites based flexible and stretchable strain and pressure sensors. J. Sens., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020341"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.01.022","article-title":"Processing and characterization of MWCNTs\/epoxy nanocomposites thin films for strain sensing applications","volume":"257","author":"Bouhamed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator A Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.S., Lee, D.W., Kim, D.H., Kong, D.S., Choi, J., Lee, M., Murillo, G., and Jung, J.H. (2018). Dominant role of Young\u2019s modulus for electric power generation in PVDF\u2013BaTiO3 composite-based piezoelectric nanogenerator. J. Nanomater., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8100777"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6117","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr00866e","article-title":"A novel flexible nanogenerator made of ZnO nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotube","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1515\/epoly-2021-0028","article-title":"Enhanced dielectric properties and breakdown strength of polymer\/carbon nanotube composites by coating an SrTiO3 layer","volume":"21","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"e-Polymers"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200700200","article-title":"Interfacial effect on dielectric properties of polymer nanocomposites filled with core\/shell-structured particles","volume":"17","author":"Shen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6939621","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6939621","article-title":"Piezoelectric and dielectric characterization of mwcnt-based nanocomposite flexible films","volume":"2018","author":"Banerjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2021.106383","article-title":"The self-assembly of sepiolite and silica fillers for advanced rubber materials: The role of collaborative filler network","volume":"218","author":"Tagliaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/11\/4181\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:22:33Z","timestamp":1760138553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/11\/4181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s22114181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22114181","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]}}}