{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:11:41Z","timestamp":1774555901235,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018R1A2B 2004207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1A2B 2004207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IITP-2021-2020-0-01612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2021-2020-0-01612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010418","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), Korea, based on the Grand Information Technology Research Center support program; supervised by the Institute for Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation (IITP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018R1A2B 2004207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1A2B 2004207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010418","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), Korea, based on the Grand Information Technology Research Center support program; supervised by the Institute for Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation (IITP)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IITP-2021-2020-0-01612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2021-2020-0-01612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fund of Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital","award":["NRF-2018R1A2B 2004207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1A2B 2004207"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital","award":["IITP-2021-2020-0-01612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2021-2020-0-01612"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) are saucer-shaped abrasions of a tooth. NCCLs can form due to various etiologies, including toothbrushing wear, acid erosion, and mechanical stress. Owing to this complex interplay, the mechanism of NCCLs in tooth abrasion has not been established. This study aims to develop a numerical method using a computational toothbrush to simulate NCCLs. The forces acting on the teeth and the amount of abrasion generated were evaluated. The discrete element method using in-house code, connected particle model, and Archard wear model were applied for brushing. In the toothbrush model, 42 acrylic tufts were fixed into a toothbrush head. The teeth models with enamel properties comprised four flat plates and two grooves to simulate the anterior teeth and NCCLs. The brushing speed and depth for one cycle were established as simulation parameters. The force applied within the ununiform plane was concentrated on several bristles as the toothbrush passed through the interproximal space. The brushing force (depth) had a greater effect on tooth abrasion than the brushing speed. Toothbrushing abrasion was mainly concentrated in the interproximal space. Therefore, forceful tooth brushing can cause NCCLs from the interproximal space to the cervical area of the tooth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T09:24:29Z","timestamp":1653989069000},"page":"4183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Simulation of Non-Carious Cervical Lesions by Computational Toothbrush Model: A Novel Three-Dimensional Discrete Element Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7686-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinsu","family":"Nam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61, Daehak-Ro, Gumi 39177, Gyeungbuk, Korea"}]},{"given":"Duong Hong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Techno Vietnam Co., JSC., TSQ Living Area (Euroland), Mo Lao Ward, Ha Dong District, Hanoi City 12110, Vietnam"}]},{"given":"Seungjun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61, Daehak-Ro, Gumi 39177, Gyeungbuk, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Aeronautic, Mechanical and Electrical Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61, Daehak-Ro, Gumi 39177, Gyeungbuk, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2511-8123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seok-Mo","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Jeonbuk, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2902-9109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61, Daehak-Ro, Gumi 39177, Gyeungbuk, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Aeronautic, Mechanical and Electrical Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61, Daehak-Ro, Gumi 39177, Gyeungbuk, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(05)80040-5","article-title":"A Mathematical Model for Predicting Toothbrush Stiffness","volume":"6","author":"Rawls","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dent. 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