{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T01:00:40Z","timestamp":1776128440831,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62103174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62103174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62162035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62162035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Micro-direct-methanol fuel cells (\u03bcDMFCs) use micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS) technology, which offers high energy density, portable use, quick replenishment, and free fuel reforming and purification. However, the \u03bcDMFC is limited by a short effective service life due to the membrane electrode\u2019s deterioration in electrochemical reactions. This paper presents a health status assessment and remaining useful life (RUL) prediction approach for \u03bcDMFC under dynamic operating conditions. Rather than making external observations, an internal characterization is used to describe the degradation indicator and to overcome intrusive influences in operation. Then, a Markov-process-based usage behavior prediction mechanism is proposed to account for the randomness of real-world operation. The experimental results show that the proposed degradation indicator alleviates the reduction in \u03bcDMFC output power degradation behavior caused by the user loading profile. Compared with the predictions of RUL using traditional external observation, the proposed approach achieved superior prognostic performance in both accuracy and precision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T21:43:42Z","timestamp":1654119822000},"page":"4217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Internal Characterization-Based Prognostics for Micro-Direct-Methanol Fuel Cells under Dynamic Operating Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3614-6605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dacheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Energy, Electric Power Measurement Digitalization, Control and Protection, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6628-3408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8789-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Energy, Electric Power Measurement Digitalization, Control and Protection, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2020.03.087","article-title":"Decarbonising energy: The developing international activity in hydrogen technologies and fuel cells","volume":"51","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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