{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:59:33Z","timestamp":1770818373194,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union Horizon 2020 and Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","award":["754285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["754285"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart home technologies can enable older adults, including those with dementia, to live more independently in their homes for a longer time. Activity recognition, in combination with anomaly detection, has shown the potential to recognise users\u2019 daily activities and detect deviations. However, activity recognition and anomaly detection are not sufficient, as they lack the capacity to capture the progression of patients\u2019 habits across the different stages of dementia. To achieve this, smart homes should be enabled to recognise patients\u2019 habits and changes in habits, including the loss of some habits. In this study, we first present an overview of the stages that characterise dementia, alongside real-world personas that depict users\u2019 behaviours at each stage. Then, we survey the state of the art on activity recognition in smart homes for older adults with dementia, including the literature that combines activity recognition and anomaly detection. We categorise the literature based on goals, stages of dementia, and targeted users. Finally, we justify the necessity for habit recognition in smart homes for older adults with dementia, and we discuss the research challenges related to its implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T08:01:18Z","timestamp":1654243278000},"page":"4254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Are Smart Homes Adequate for Older Adults with Dementia?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Gibson","family":"Chimamiwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems (AASS), \u00d6rebro University, 70281 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9293-7711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Giaretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems (AASS), \u00d6rebro University, 70281 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Marjan","family":"Alirezaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems (AASS), \u00d6rebro University, 70281 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Pecora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems (AASS), \u00d6rebro University, 70281 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Loutfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems (AASS), \u00d6rebro University, 70281 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021, October 26). Dementia. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/dementia."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2021, October 26). Ageing and Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/02-09-2021-world-failing-to-address-dementia-challenge."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-11-207","article-title":"Home care in Europe: A systematic literature review","volume":"11","author":"Genet","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5172\/hesr.2014.23.1.43","article-title":"\u2018Ageing-in-place\u2019: Frontline experiences of intergenerational family carers of people with dementia","volume":"23","author":"Vreugdenhil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v11.i4.109","article-title":"Use of technology and social media in dementia care: Current and future directions","volume":"11","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-015-0270-2","article-title":"A review of smart homes in healthcare","volume":"6","author":"Amiribesheli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2012.2198883","article-title":"Sensor-based activity recognition","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man. Cybern. Part C"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e1254","article-title":"Recent trends in machine learning for human activity recognition\u2014A survey","volume":"8","author":"Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1541880.1541882","article-title":"Anomaly detection: A survey","volume":"41","author":"Chandola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acm Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majumder, S., Aghayi, E., Noferesti, M., Memarzadeh-Tehran, H., Mondal, T., Pang, Z., and Deen, M.J. (2017). Smart homes for elderly healthcare\u2014Recent advances and research challenges. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112496"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/14639230410001684387","article-title":"Older adults\u2019 attitudes towards and perceptions of \u2018smart home\u2019technologies: A pilot study","volume":"29","author":"Demiris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Inform. Internet Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Hoof, J., Demiris, G., and Wouters, E.J. (2017). Can Smart Home Technology Deliver on the Promise of Independent Living?. Handbook of Smart Homes, Health Care and Well-Being, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-01583-5"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2021.104513","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Smart Home Technologies to Support the Health Outcomes of Community-Dwelling Older Adults Living with Dementia: A Scoping Review","volume":"153","author":"Moyle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"2016","article-title":"World Alzheimer Report 2015\u2013The Global Impact of Dementia, an analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends","volume":"17","author":"Prince","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1136","article-title":"The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia","volume":"139","author":"Reisberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychiatry J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polak-Sopinska, A., and Krolikowski, J. (2018). Evidence based dementia personas: Human factors design for people living with dementia. Ergonomics for People with Disabilities, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.","DOI":"10.2478\/9783110617832"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Kristoffersson, A., and Lind\u00e9n, M. (2017). Understanding Users of a Future E-care@ Home System: E-care@ Home Project, School of Science and Technology, \u00d6rebro University. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160348","article-title":"A novel and intelligent home monitoring system for care support of elders with cognitive impairment","volume":"54","author":"Lazarou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Rodriguez, M., Navarro, R., Favela, J., and Hoey, J. (2012, January 2\u20134). An ontological representation model to tailor ambient assisted interventions for wandering. Proceedings of the 2012 AAAI Fall Symposium Series, Arlington, VI, USA."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCracken, I., de la Harpeand, R., and Di Ruvo, M. (2019, January 21\u201322). Developing dementia personas for user centered architectural design considerations in non-specialized contexts. Proceedings of the Dementia Lab Conference, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33540-3_5"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"123","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease\u2014Why we need early diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Degener. Neurol. Neuromuscul. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00181","article-title":"Phenotypic heterogeneity in dementia: A challenge for epidemiology and biomarker studies","volume":"6","author":"Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301214532643","article-title":"The provision of assistive technology products and services for people with dementia in the United Kingdom","volume":"15","author":"Gibson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-017-0645-7","article-title":"A tailored smart home for dementia care","volume":"9","author":"Amiribesheli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550147716665520","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147716665520","article-title":"A review on applications of activity recognition systems with regard to performance and evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-04737-6","article-title":"Tracking changes in user activity from unlabelled smart home sensor data using unsupervised learning methods","volume":"32","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amiribesheli, M., and Bouchachia, A. (2015, January 15\u201317). Smart homes design for people with dementia. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Intelligent Environments, Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/IE.2015.33"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-005-0120-7","article-title":"The design of smart homes for people with dementia\u2014User-interface aspects","volume":"4","author":"Orpwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/33.2.200","article-title":"Falls in dementia patients","volume":"33","author":"Meulenberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arifoglu, D., Wang, Y., and Bouchachia, A. (2021). Detection of Dementia-Related Abnormal Behaviour Using Recursive Auto-Encoders. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010260"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2012.328","article-title":"CASAS: A smart home in a box","volume":"46","author":"Cook","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5460","DOI":"10.3390\/s130505460","article-title":"Activity recognition using hybrid generative\/discriminative models on home environments using binary sensors","volume":"13","author":"Sanchis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Kasteren, T.L., Englebienne, G., and Kr\u00f6se, B.J. (2011). Human activity recognition from wireless sensor network data: Benchmark and software. Activity Recognition in Pervasive Intelligent Environments, Springer.","DOI":"10.2991\/978-94-91216-05-3_8"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"i180","article-title":"Intelligent systems for assessing aging changes: Home-based, unobtrusive, and continuous assessment of aging","volume":"66","author":"Kaye","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Karakostas, A., Briassouli, A., Avgerinakis, K., Kompatsiaris, I., and Tsolaki, M. (2016). The dem@ care experiments and datasets: A technical report. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enshaeifar, S., Zoha, A., Markides, A., Skillman, S., Acton, S.T., Elsaleh, T., Hassanpour, M., Ahrabian, A., Kenny, M., and Klein, S. (2018). Health management and pattern analysis of daily living activities of people with dementia using in-home sensors and machine learning techniques. PloS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195605"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6ckemann, U., Alirezaie, M., Renoux, J., Tsiftes, N., Ahmed, M.U., Morberg, D., Lind\u00e9n, M., and Loutfi, A. (2020). Open-source data collection and data sets for activity recognition in smart homes. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030879"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2014.2362529","article-title":"Automated detection of activity transitions for prompting","volume":"45","author":"Feuz","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum. Mach. Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2015.2461659","article-title":"Analyzing activity behavior and movement in a naturalistic environment using smart home techniques","volume":"19","author":"Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141767","article-title":"Validation of an automatic video monitoring system for the detection of instrumental activities of daily living in dementia patients","volume":"44","author":"Derreumaux","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019S Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-151054","article-title":"Development of a proxy-free objective assessment tool of instrumental activities of daily living in mild cognitive impairment using smart home technologies","volume":"52","author":"Jekel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019S Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2389149","article-title":"Autonomous unobtrusive detection of mild cognitive impairment in older adults","volume":"62","author":"Akl","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102572","article-title":"Automated cognitive health assessment in smart homes using machine learning","volume":"65","author":"Javed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.01.011","article-title":"Unobtrusive measurement of daily computer use to detect mild cognitive impairment","volume":"10","author":"Kaye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-018-9623-5","article-title":"A performance comparison of machine learning classification approaches for robust activity of daily living recognition","volume":"52","author":"Hussain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"390","article-title":"Device-free non-privacy invasive classification of elderly travel patterns in a smart house using PIR sensors and DCNN","volume":"18","author":"Gochoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riboni, D., Bettini, C., Civitarese, G., Janjua, Z.H., and Helaoui, R. (2015, January 23\u201327). Fine-grained recognition of abnormal behaviors for early detection of mild cognitive impairment. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom), St. Louis, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2015.7146521"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2015.2512273","article-title":"Unobtrusive detection of mild cognitive impairment in older adults through home monitoring","volume":"21","author":"Akl","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3233\/AIS-160385","article-title":"Clustering home activity distributions for automatic detection of mild cognitive impairment in older adults 1","volume":"8","author":"Akl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Smart Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-014-0827-7","article-title":"Hierarchical activity recognition for dementia care using Markov Logic Network","volume":"19","author":"Gayathri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2015.12.001","article-title":"SmartFABER: Recognizing fine-grained abnormal behaviors for early detection of mild cognitive impairment","volume":"67","author":"Riboni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2016.2535972","article-title":"One-class classification-based real-time activity error detection in smart homes","volume":"10","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.06.121","article-title":"Activity recognition and abnormal behaviour detection with recurrent neural networks","volume":"110","author":"Arifoglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schinle, M., Papantonis, I., and Stork, W. (2018, January 12\u201314). Personalization of monitoring system parameters to support ambulatory care for dementia patients. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAS.2018.8336724"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2018.2798062","article-title":"Smart home-based prediction of multidomain symptoms related to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Alberdi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2019.01.005","article-title":"Detection of abnormal behaviour for dementia sufferers using Convolutional Neural Networks","volume":"94","author":"Arifoglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2019.103401","article-title":"Detecting indicators of cognitive impairment via Graph Convolutional Networks","volume":"89","author":"Arifoglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahamed, F., Shahrestani, S., and Cheung, H. (2020). Internet of things and machine learning for healthy ageing: Identifying the early signs of dementia. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216031"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vuong, N.K., Chan, S., Lau, C.T., Chan, S., Yap, P.L.K., and Chen, A. (2015, January 25\u201329). Preliminary results of using inertial sensors to detect dementia-related wandering patterns. Proceedings of the 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Milano, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7319197"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2017.05.003","article-title":"iKnow: Ontology-driven situational awareness for the recognition of activities of daily living","volume":"40","author":"Meditskos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42084","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42084","article-title":"Cognitive impairment categorized in community-dwelling older adults with and without dementia using in-home sensors that recognise activities of daily living","volume":"7","author":"Urwyler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.2999607","article-title":"Behavioral differences between subject groups identified using smart homes and change point detection","volume":"25","author":"Sprint","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-013-0205-8","article-title":"Spatial recognition of activities for cognitive assistance: Realistic scenarios using clinical data from Alzheimer\u2019s patients","volume":"5","author":"Bouchard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, M.A.U., Roy, N., Holmes, S., Gangopadhyay, A., and Galik, E. (2016, January 27\u201329). Automated functional and behavioral health assessment of older adults with dementia. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE First International Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies (CHASE), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CHASE.2016.16"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-017-0977-2","article-title":"Wearable sensor devices for early detection of Alzheimer disease using dynamic time warping algorithm","volume":"21","author":"Varatharajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2018.01.009","article-title":"Multi-modal activity recognition from egocentric vision, semantic enrichment and lifelogging applications for the care of dementia","volume":"51","author":"Meditskos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2020.2975071","article-title":"Collaborative trajectory mining in smart-homes to support early diagnosis of cognitive decline","volume":"9","author":"Khodabandehloo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chikhaoui, B., Lussier, M., Gagnon, M., Pigot, H., Giroux, S., and Bier, N. (2018, January 10\u201312). Automatic Identification of Behavior Patterns in Mild Cognitive Impairments and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Based on Activities of Daily Living. Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Homes and Health Telematics, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94523-1_6"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4018\/IJEHMC.2015100106","article-title":"Multi-sensing monitoring and knowledge-driven analysis for dementia assessment","volume":"6","author":"Stavropoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. -Health Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karakostas, A., Lazarou, I., Meditskos, G., Stavropoulos, T.G., Kompatsiaris, I., and Tsolaki, M. (2015, January 19\u201320). Sensor-based in-home monitoring of people with dementia using remote web technologies. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Interactive Mobile Communication Technologies and Learning (IMCL), Thessaloniki, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMCTL.2015.7359618"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, C.F., Fu, L.C., Chien, Y.W., and Li, T.Y. (2018, January 18\u201321). Activity recognition system for dementia in smart homes based on wearable sensor data. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI), Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSCI.2018.8628688"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-010-0043-x","article-title":"Smart homes for the elderly dementia sufferers: Identification and prediction of abnormal behaviour","volume":"3","author":"Lotfi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.07.281","article-title":"Intelligent decision support system for dementia care through smart home","volume":"93","author":"Gayathri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enshaeifar, S., Zoha, A., Skillman, S., Markides, A., Acton, S.T., Elsaleh, T., Kenny, M., Rostill, H., Nilforooshan, R., and Barnaghi, P. (2019). Machine learning methods for detecting urinary tract infection and analysing daily living activities in people with dementia. PloS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209909"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Chalmers, C., Fergus, P., Montanez, C.A.C., Sikdar, S., Ball, F., and Kendall, B. (2020). Detecting activities of daily living and routine behaviours in dementia patients living alone using smart meter load disaggregation. IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/31.5.666","article-title":"Travel behavior of nursing home residents perceived as wanderers and nonwanderers","volume":"31","author":"Blasch","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.3414\/ME0592","article-title":"Assessing the quality of activities in a smart environment","volume":"48","author":"Cook","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Inf. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riboni, D., Bettini, C., Civitarese, G., Janjua, Z.H., and Bulgari, V. (2015, January 23\u201327). From lab to life: Fine-grained behavior monitoring in the elderly\u2019s home. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication Workshops (PerCom Workshops), St. Louis, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2015.7134060"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Cook, D., Schmitter-Edgecombe, M., Crandall, A., Sanders, C., and Thomas, B. (2009, January 4\u20139). Collecting and disseminating smart home sensor data in the CASAS project. Proceedings of the CHI Workshop on Developing Shared Home Behavior Datasets to Advance HCI and Ubiquitous Computing Research, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3109\/11038128.2013.851278","article-title":"Occupations, habits, and routines: Perspectives from persons with diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/089198879500800205","article-title":"Sundown syndrome in severely demented patients with probable Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Little","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10779","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3267-8","article-title":"Towards online and personalized daily activity recognition, habit modeling, and anomaly detection for the solitary elderly through unobtrusive sensing","volume":"76","author":"Meng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., and Melo, N. (2020). Habit representation based on activity recognition. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071928"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"83","article-title":"A new habit pattern learning scheme in smart home","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-007-0064-z","article-title":"Experiencing SAX: A novel symbolic representation of time series","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Data Min. Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","article-title":"Long short-term memory","volume":"9","author":"Hochreiter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210544","article-title":"Heterogeneity in Reports of Dementia Disease Duration and Severity: A Review of the Literature","volume":"84","author":"Wolters","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.11.004","article-title":"Personality changes with dementia from the informant perspective: New data and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Islam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chimamiwa, G., Alirezaie, M., Banaee, H., K\u00f6ckemann, U., and Loutfi, A. (2019, January 13\u201315). Towards habit recognition in smart homes for people with dementia. Proceedings of the European Conference on Ambient Intelligence, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34255-5_29"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howedi, A., Lotfi, A., and Pourabdollah, A. (2020). Employing entropy measures to identify visitors in multi-occupancy environments. J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-02824-z"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giaretta, A., and Loutfi, A. (2021). On the people counting problem in smart homes: Undirected graphs and theoretical lower-bounds. J. Ambient. Intell. Humaniz. Comput., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-021-03514-0"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raad, M.W., Deriche, M., and Kanoun, O. (2021, January 22\u201325). An RFID-Based Monitoring and Localization System for Dementia Patients. Proceedings of the 2021 18th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD), Monastir, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSD52085.2021.9429375"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamiri, M., Sarraipa, J., Luis-Ferreira, F., Manus, G.M., O\u2019brien, P., Camarinha-Matos, L.M., and Jardim-Goncalves, R. (2021). Review of Technology-Supported Multimodal Solutions for People with Dementia. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144806"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Boekel, L.C., Wouters, E.J., Grimberg, B.M., van der Meer, N.J., and Luijkx, K.G. (2019). Perspectives of stakeholders on technology use in the care of community-living older adults with dementia: A systematic literature review. Healthcare, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare7020073"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/11\/4254\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:23:55Z","timestamp":1760138635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/11\/4254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s22114254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22114254","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]}}}