{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T11:24:44Z","timestamp":1770981884716,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003032","name":"Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/1221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/1221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water quality monitoring requires a rapid and sensitive method that can detect multiple hazardous pollutants at trace levels. This study aims to develop a new generation of biosensors using a low-cost fiber-optic Raman device. An automatic measurement system was thus conceived, built and successfully tested with toxic substances of three different types: antibiotics, heavy metals and herbicides. Raman spectroscopy provides a multiparametric view of metabolic responses of biological organisms to these toxic agents through their spectral fingerprints. Spectral analysis identified the most susceptible macromolecules in an E. coli model strain, providing a way to determine specific toxic effects in microorganisms. The automation of Raman analysis reduces the number of spectra required per sample and the measurement time: for four samples, time was cut from 3 h to 35 min by using a multi-well sample holder without intervention from an operator. The correct classifications were, respectively, 99%, 82% and 93% for the different concentrations of norfloxacin, while the results were 85%, 93% and 81% for copper and 92%, 90% and 96% for 3,5-dichlorophenol at the three tested concentrations. The work initiated here advances the technology needed to use Raman spectroscopy coupled with bioassays so that together, they can advance field toxicological testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T02:01:44Z","timestamp":1655085704000},"page":"4352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Development and Automation of a Bacterial Biosensor to the Targeting of the Pollutants Toxic Effects by Portable Raman Spectrometer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Oleksandra","family":"Bandeliuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, ONIRIS, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, 85000 La Roche-sur-Yon, France"},{"name":"Tronico-Tame-Water, 26 Rue du Bocage, 85660 Saint-Philbert-de-Bouaine, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Assaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, ONIRIS, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, 85000 La Roche-sur-Yon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marine","family":"Bittel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tronico-Tame-Water, 26 Rue du Bocage, 85660 Saint-Philbert-de-Bouaine, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Jose","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, ONIRIS, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, 85000 La Roche-sur-Yon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9rald","family":"Thouand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes Universit\u00e9, ONIRIS, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, 85000 La Roche-sur-Yon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hasan, J., Goldbloom-Helzner, D., Ichida, A., Rouse, T., and Gibson, M. 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