{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:23:32Z","timestamp":1783009412756,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Higher Education Institutions of Hebei Province","award":["QN2020193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2020193"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Higher Education Institutions of Hebei Province","award":["ZD2020171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2020171"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Higher Education Institutions of Hebei Province","award":["KCJSX2022090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KCJSX2022090"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Higher Education Institutions of Hebei Province","award":["KCJSX2022091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KCJSX2022091"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Higher Education Institutions of Hebei Province","award":["21422031288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21422031288"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Higher Education Institutions of Hebei Province","award":["CXZZBS2022024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXZZBS2022024"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Demonstration Course Construction Project of Hebei Province","award":["QN2020193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2020193"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Demonstration Course Construction Project of Hebei Province","award":["ZD2020171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2020171"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Demonstration Course Construction Project of Hebei Province","award":["KCJSX2022090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KCJSX2022090"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Demonstration Course Construction Project of Hebei Province","award":["KCJSX2022091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KCJSX2022091"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Demonstration Course Construction Project of Hebei Province","award":["21422031288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21422031288"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Demonstration Course Construction Project of Hebei Province","award":["CXZZBS2022024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXZZBS2022024"]}]},{"name":"Handan Science and Technology Research and Development Program","award":["QN2020193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2020193"]}]},{"name":"Handan Science and Technology Research and Development Program","award":["ZD2020171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2020171"]}]},{"name":"Handan Science and Technology Research and Development Program","award":["KCJSX2022090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KCJSX2022090"]}]},{"name":"Handan Science and Technology Research and Development Program","award":["KCJSX2022091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KCJSX2022091"]}]},{"name":"Handan Science and Technology Research and Development Program","award":["21422031288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21422031288"]}]},{"name":"Handan Science and Technology Research and Development Program","award":["CXZZBS2022024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXZZBS2022024"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Innovation Funding Project for Graduate Students of Hebei Province","award":["QN2020193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2020193"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Innovation Funding Project for Graduate Students of Hebei Province","award":["ZD2020171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2020171"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Innovation Funding Project for Graduate Students of Hebei Province","award":["KCJSX2022090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KCJSX2022090"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Innovation Funding Project for Graduate Students of Hebei Province","award":["KCJSX2022091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KCJSX2022091"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Innovation Funding Project for Graduate Students of Hebei Province","award":["21422031288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21422031288"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Innovation Funding Project for Graduate Students of Hebei Province","award":["CXZZBS2022024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXZZBS2022024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As one of the most critical elements in the hydrological cycle, real-time and accurate rainfall measurement is of great significance to flood and drought disaster risk assessment and early warning. Using commercial microwave links (CMLs) to conduct rainfall measure is a promising solution due to the advantages of high spatial resolution, low implementation cost, near-surface measurement, and so on. However, because of the temporal and spatial dynamics of rainfall and the atmospheric influence, it is necessary to go through complicated signal processing steps from signal attenuation analysis of a CML to rainfall map. This article first introduces the basic principle and the revolution of CML-based rainfall measurement. Then, the article illustrates different steps of signal process in CML-based rainfall measurement, reviewing the state of the art solutions in each step. In addition, uncertainties and errors involved in each step of signal process as well as their impacts on the accuracy of rainfall measurement are analyzed. Moreover, the article also discusses how machine learning technologies facilitate CML-based rainfall measurement. Additionally, the applications of CML in monitoring phenomena other than rain and the hydrological simulation are summarized. Finally, the challenges and future directions are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T02:01:44Z","timestamp":1655085704000},"page":"4395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["A Review on Rainfall Measurement Based on Commercial Microwave Links in Wireless Cellular Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8852-6098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Lian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Water Conservancy, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2917-1976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongcheng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Security & Protection Information Sensing and Processing, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6954-7018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Security & Protection Information Sensing and Processing, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5069-9751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jijun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Security & Protection Information Sensing and Processing, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2014.2309705","article-title":"A New Approach to Precipitation Monitoring: A Critical Survey of Existing Technologies and Challenges","volume":"32","author":"Messer","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Office of State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters (2022). National Flood Prevention and Drought Relief Work in 2021. China Flood Drought Manag., 32, 1\u20134. Available online: http:\/\/www.cfdm.cn\/CN\/10.16867\/j.issn.1673-9264.2022024."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Pudashine, J. (2021). Improved Rainfall Measurement Using Microwave Links. [Ph.D. Thesis, Monash University]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1424","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.1424","article-title":"A Review of Freely Accessible Global Datasets for the Study of Floods, Droughts and Their Interactions with Human Societies","volume":"7","author":"Lindersson","year":"2020","journal-title":"WIREs Water"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1337","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.1337","article-title":"Commercial Microwave Link Networks for Rainfall Observation: Assessment of the Current Status and Future Challenges","volume":"6","author":"Chwala","year":"2019","journal-title":"WIREs Water"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samad, M.A., Diba, F.D., and Choi, D.Y. (2021). A Survey of Rain Attenuation Prediction Models for Terrestrial Links: Current Research Challenges and State-of-the-Art. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041207"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokol, Z., Szturc, J., Orellana-Alvear, J., Popov\u00e1, J., Jurczyk, A., and C\u00e9lleri, R. (2021). The Role of Weather Radar in Rainfall Estimation and Its Application in Meteorological and Hydrological Modelling\u2014A Review. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030351"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Germann, U., Boscacci, M., Clementi, L., Gabella, M., Hering, A., Sartori, M., Sideris, I.V., and Calpini, B. (2022). Weather Radar in Complex Orography. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030503"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1844","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-20-0299.1","article-title":"The Global Satellite Precipitation Constellation Current Status and Future Requirements","volume":"102","author":"Kidd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1289","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.1289","article-title":"Opportunistic Remote Sensing of Rainfall Using Microwave Links from Cellular Communication Networks","volume":"5","author":"Uijlenhoet","year":"2018","journal-title":"WIREs Water"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"IMT-2030 (6G) Promotion Group (2022, May 17). Research Report of the Integration of Communications and Sensing. Beijing, China, September 2021, pp. 1\u201354. Available online: https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/2Wq0Cf2DW57R5nAaRZlS3w."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaccour, C., Soorki, M.N., Saad, W., Bennis, M., Popovski, P., and Debbah, M. Seven Defining Features of Terahertz (THz) Wireless Systems: A Fellowship of Communication and Sensing. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., 2021. in press.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3143454"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, C., Huo, J., Gao, Q., Su, G., and Wang, H. (2020). Rainfall Monitoring Based on Next-Generation Millimeter-Wave Backhaul Technologies in a Dense Urban Environment. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12061045"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2881008","article-title":"The Sensable City: A Survey on the Deployment and Management for Smart City Monitoring","volume":"21","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9345","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3049825","article-title":"The Effects of Rain on Terrestrial Links at K, Ka and E-Bands in South Korea: Based on Supervised Learning","volume":"9","author":"Diba","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L07403","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029409","article-title":"Path-Averaged Rainfall Estimation Using Microwave Links: Uncertainty Due to Spatial Rainfall Variability","volume":"34","author":"Berne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8558","DOI":"10.1029\/2018WR022643","article-title":"A Transdisciplinary Review of Deep Learning Research and Its Relevance for Water Resources Scientists","volume":"54","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0912-1","article-title":"Deep Learning and Process Understanding for Data-Driven Earth System Science","volume":"566","author":"Reichstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messer, H. (2018). Capitalizing on Cellular Technology\u2014Opportunities and Challenges for near Ground Weather Monitoring. Environments, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments5070073"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christofilakis, V., Tatsis, G., Chronopoulos, S.K., Sakkas, A., Skrivanos, A.G., Peppas, K.P., Nistazakis, H.E., Baldoumas, G., and Kostarakis, P. (2020). Earth-to-Earth Microwave Rain Attenuation Measurements: A Survey on the Recent Literature. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12091440"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2022, April 19). ITU-R: Recommendation ITU-R, P. 341-7: The Concept of Transmission Loss for Radio Links. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/dms_pubrec\/itu-r\/rec\/p\/R-REC-P.341-7-201908-I!!PDF-E.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9486","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2021.3111336","article-title":"Statistical Study of Rainfall Inversion Using the Earth-Space Link at the Ku Band: Optimization and Validation for 1 Year of Data","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2022, April 19). ITU-R: Recommendation ITU-R, P. 838-3: Specific Attenuation Model for Rain for Use in Prediction Methods. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/dms_pubrec\/itu-r\/rec\/p\/R-REC-P.838-3-200503-I!!PDF-E.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2014.466","article-title":"Commercial Microwave Links Instead of Rain Gauges: Fiction or Reality?","volume":"71","author":"Fencl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polz, J., Graf, M., and Chwala, C. Missing Rainfall Extremes in CML Data Due to Total Loss. Earth Space Sci. Open Arch., 2022. in press.","DOI":"10.1002\/essoar.10510916.1"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"47","article-title":"Monitoring and Analysis of Water Vapor Density Based on Wireless Communication Network in Gothenburg Area","volume":"39","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infrared Millim. Waves"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, C., Su, G., Bao, L., and Messer, H. (2022). Water Vapor Density Retrieval Studies Using Commercial Millimeter-Wave Links at 38 GHz and E-Band. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14040946"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, K., Liu, X., Gao, T., and Zhang, P. (2021). Estimating Water Vapor Using Signals from Microwave Links below 25 Ghz. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081409"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707646","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/707646","article-title":"Accumulated Mixed Precipitation Estimation Using Measurements from Multiple Microwave Links","volume":"2015","author":"Ostrometzky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2022, April 19). ITU-R: Recommendation ITU-R, P. 525-4: Calculation of Free-Space Attenuation. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/dms_pubrec\/itu-r\/rec\/p\/R-REC-P.525-4-201908-I!!PDF-E.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2022, April 19). ITU-R: Recommendation ITU-R, P. 676-12: Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases and Related Effects. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/dms_pubrec\/itu-r\/rec\/p\/R-REC-P.676-12-201908-I!!PDF-E.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2019.1648902","article-title":"Rainfall Estimation Using a Microwave Link Based on an Improved Rain-Induced Attenuation Model","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, C., Feng, L., Huo, J., Deng, Z., Zhang, G., Ji, B., Zhou, Y., Bi, Y., Duan, S., and Yuan, R. (2021). Characteristics of Rain-Induced Attenuation over Signal Links at Frequency Ranges of 25 and 38 Ghz Observed in Beijing. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112156"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6559","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-6559-2020","article-title":"Atmospheric Observations with E-Band Microwave Links-Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"13","author":"Fencl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, S., Han, C., Huo, J., Cai, W., Zhang, Y., Li, P., Zhang, G., Ji, B., and Zhou, J. (2021). Research on Rainfall Monitoring Based on E-Band Millimeter Wave Link in East China. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051670"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Wang, Q. (2018). Research on Millimeter Wave Channel Propagation Characteristics in 5G Topical Frequency Bands and Scenarios. [Ph.D. Thesis, North China Electric Power University]."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1064","article-title":"The Effect of Rain and Fog on The Propagation of Very Short Radio Waves","volume":"18","author":"Stratton","year":"1930","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Radio Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.1006324","article-title":"Microwave Link Dual-wavelength Measurements of Path-average Attenuation for the Estimation of Drop Size Distributions and Rainfall","volume":"40","author":"Rincon","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1120034","article-title":"Environmental Monitoring by Wireless Communication Networks","volume":"312","author":"Messer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1217961110","article-title":"Country-Wide Rainfall Maps from Cellular Communication Networks","volume":"110","author":"Overeem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W03201","DOI":"10.1029\/2006WR005631","article-title":"Rainfall Measurement Using Radio Links from Cellular Communication Networks","volume":"43","author":"Leijnse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2010.2043052","article-title":"Identification of Dry and Rainy Periods Using Telecommunication Microwave Links","volume":"7","author":"Schleiss","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-16-2647-2012","article-title":"Precipitation Observation Using Microwave Backhaul Links in the Alpine and Pre-Alpine Region of Southern Germany","volume":"16","author":"Chwala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-094.1","article-title":"A Variational Approach to Retrieve Rain Rate by Combining Information from Rain Gauges, Radars, and Microwave Links","volume":"14","author":"Bianchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2013.429","article-title":"Assessing the Potential of Using Telecommunication Microwave Links in Urban Drainage Modelling","volume":"68","author":"Fencl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6016","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL060724","article-title":"Rainfall Monitoring Based on Microwave Links from Cellular Telecommunication Networks: First Results from a West African Test Bed","volume":"41","author":"Doumounia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2016.2614326","article-title":"Use of Operational Microwave Link Measurements for the Tomographic Reconstruction of 2-D Maps of Accumulated Rainfall","volume":"13","author":"Manzoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4465","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-4465-2018","article-title":"Rainfall Retrieval with Commercial Microwave Links in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"11","author":"Overeem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohail Afzal, M., Shah, S.H.H., Cheema, M.J.M., and Ahmad, R. (2018). Real Time Rainfall Estimation Using Microwave Signals of Cellular Communication Networks: A Case Study of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-2017-740"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacoby, D., Ostrometzky, J., and Messer, H. (2021, January 18\u201321). Short-Term Prediction of the Attenuation in a Commercial Microwave Link Using LSTM-Based RNN. Proceedings of the 2020 28th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.23919\/Eusipco47968.2020.9287835"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, K., Liu, X., and Gao, T. (2021). Real-Time Rainfall Estimation Using Microwave Links: A Case Study in East China during the Plum Rain Season in 2020. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030858"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126909","article-title":"Rainfall Retrieval Using Commercial Microwave Links: Effect of Sampling Strategy on Retrieval Accuracy","volume":"603","author":"Pudashine","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overeem, A., Leijnse, H., and Uijlenhoet, R. (2016). Retrieval Algorithm for Rainfall Mapping from Microwave Links in a Cellular Communication Network. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2425\u20132444.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-2425-2016"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-1847-2012","article-title":"Using Markov Switching Models to Infer Dry and Rainy Periods from Telecommunication Microwave Link Signals","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumah, K.K., Hoedjes, J.C.B., David, N., Maathuis, B.H.P., Gao, H.O., and Su, B.Z. (2021). The MSG Technique: Improving Commercial Microwave Link Rainfall Intensity by Using Rain Area Detection from Meteosat Second Generation. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163274"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W12505","DOI":"10.1029\/2010WR010350","article-title":"Measuring Urban Rainfall Using Microwave Links from Commercial Cellular Communication Networks","volume":"47","author":"Overeem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Resour Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5264","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3021555","article-title":"Experimental Study of Detecting Rainfall Using Microwave Links: Classification of Wet and Dry Periods","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2259832","article-title":"Precipitation Classification Using Measurements from Commercial Microwave Links","volume":"52","author":"Cherkassky","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2013.2273455","article-title":"Extension of the MFLRT to Detect an Unknown Deterministic Signal Using Multiple Sensors, Applied for Precipitation Detection","volume":"20","author":"Harel","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.06.047","article-title":"Microwave Links for Rainfall Estimation in an Urban Environment: Insights from an Experimental Setup in Luxembourg-City","volume":"464","author":"Fenicia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2752902","article-title":"Dynamic Determination of the Baseline Level in Microwave Links for Rain Monitoring from Minimum Attenuation Values","volume":"11","author":"Ostrometzky","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"W04417","article-title":"Hydrometeorological Application of a Microwave Link: 2. Precipitation","volume":"43","author":"Leijnse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2876696","article-title":"Quantifying Wet Antenna Attenuation in 38-GHz Commercial Microwave Links of Cellular Backhaul","volume":"16","author":"Fencl","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"4104409","article-title":"Precipitation Estimates From Commercial Microwave Links: Practical Approaches to Wet-Antenna Correction","volume":"60","author":"Pastorek","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3010305","article-title":"Recurrent Neural Network for Rain Estimation Using Commercial Microwave Links","volume":"59","author":"Habi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habi, H., and Messer, H. (2020, January 4\u20138). Uncertainties in short commercial microwave links fading due to rain. Proceedings of the ICASSP 2020\u20142020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9053814"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Song, B. (2020). Study on the Path Attenuation Estimation of Microwave Signals and the Attenuation Fields Reconstruction under Complex Meteorological Conditions. [Ph.D. Thesis, China University of Mining and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2009.2012554","article-title":"Rain Rate Estimation Using Measurements from Commercial Telecommunications Links","volume":"57","author":"Goldshtein","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Q., Li, Z., Wang, L., Huang, Y., Wang, Y., and Li, L. (2019). Rainfall Spatial Estimations: A Review from Spatial Interpolation to Multi-Source Data Merging. Water, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/w11030579"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Interpolation Methods for Rainfall Mapping in the Faria Catchment, Palestine","volume":"36","author":"Shadeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"An-Najah Univ. J. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-20-0164.1","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of the Performance of Spatial Interpolation Methods for Rainfall Estimation Using Commercial Microwave Links","volume":"22","author":"Eshel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6334","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2836998","article-title":"Sufficient Conditions for Reconstructing 2-d Rainfall Maps","volume":"56","author":"Gazit","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1932","DOI":"10.1002\/met.1932","article-title":"A Rain Estimation Model Based on Microwave Signal Attenuation Measurements in the City of Ioannina, Greece","volume":"27","author":"Christofilakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostrometzky, J., Eshel, A., Alpert, P., and Messer, H. (2017, January 5\u20139). Induced Bias in Attenuation Measurement Taken from Commercial Microwave Links. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2017.7952856"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-19-3571-2015","article-title":"Measurement and Interpolation Uncertainties in Rainfall Maps from Cellular Communication Networks","volume":"19","author":"Overeem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-18-0197.1","article-title":"Rainfall Estimation Accuracy of a Nationwide Instantaneously Sampling Commercial Microwave Link Network: Error Dependency on Known Characteristics","volume":"36","author":"Overeem","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"4645","article-title":"A Measurement Campaign to Assess Sources of Error in Microwave Link Rainfall Estimation","volume":"11","author":"Overeem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-021-00475-2","article-title":"Machine Learning and Deep Learning","volume":"31","author":"Janiesch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electron. Mark."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00592-x","article-title":"Machine Learning: Algorithms, Real-World Applications and Research Directions","volume":"2","author":"Sarker","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.1.12228","article-title":"A Survey on the Explainability of Supervised Machine Learning","volume":"70","author":"Burkart","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428786","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3428786","article-title":"Use of the C-Band Microwave Link to Distinguish between Rainy and Dry Periods","volume":"2019","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-3835-2020","article-title":"Rain Event Detection in Commercial Microwave Link Attenuation Data Using Convolutional Neural Networks","volume":"13","author":"Polz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2020.3011463","article-title":"Wet Antenna Attenuation Model of E-Band Microwave Links Based on the LSTM Algorithm","volume":"19","author":"Pu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019WR026255","DOI":"10.1029\/2019WR026255","article-title":"Deep Learning for an Improved Prediction of Rainfall Retrievals From Commercial Microwave Links","volume":"56","author":"Pudashine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126530","article-title":"Rainfall Estimation Using Measurement Report Data from Time-Division Long Term Evolution Networks","volume":"600","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66769","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3076781","article-title":"Wireless Telecommunication Links for Rainfall Monitoring: Deep Learning Approach and Experimental Results","volume":"9","author":"Diba","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6888","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2977393","article-title":"Machine Learning Classification of Rainfall Types Based on the Differential Attenuation of Multiple Frequency Microwave Links","volume":"58","author":"Pu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3004375","article-title":"Rainfall Monitoring Based on Machine Learning by Earth-Space Link in the Ku Band","volume":"13","author":"Xian","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30865","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2839699","article-title":"Rainfall Estimation Based on the Intensity of the Received Signal in a LTE\/4G Mobile Terminal by Using a Probabilistic Neural Network","volume":"6","author":"Beritelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2020.391","article-title":"Making Urban Water Smart: The SMART-WATER Solution","volume":"82","author":"Antzoulatos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K., van Merrienboer, B., Bahdanau, D., and Bengio, Y. (2014, January 25). On the Properties of Neural Machine Translation: Encoder-Decoder Approaches. Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Syntax, Semantics and Structure in Statistical Translation, Doha, Qatar.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-4012"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamak, P.T., Yujian, L., and Gadosey, P.K. (2019, January 20\u201322). A Comparison between ARIMA, LSTM, and GRU for Time Series Forecasting. Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Algorithms, Sanya, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3377713.3377722"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, R., and Salem, F. (2017, January 6\u20139). Gate-Variants of Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) Neural Networks. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 60th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.2017.8053243"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020AV000258","DOI":"10.1029\/2020AV000258","article-title":"Wildfire Smoke Particulate Matter Concentration Measurements Using Radio Links From Cellular Communication Networks","volume":"2","author":"Guyot","year":"2021","journal-title":"AGU Adv."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11750","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020346","article-title":"The Potential of Commercial Microwave Networks to Monitor Dense Fog-Feasibility Study","volume":"118","author":"David","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-15-1675-2022","article-title":"Water Vapor Estimation Based on One-Year Data of E-Band Millimeter-Wave Link in the Northeast of China","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4330","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2021.3073013","article-title":"Water Vapor Retrieval Using Commercial Microwave Links Based on the LSTM Network","volume":"14","author":"Pu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021EA001911","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EA001911","article-title":"Retrieving Water Vapor From an E-Band Microwave Link With an Empirical Model Not Requiring In Situ Calibration","volume":"8","author":"Fencl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-1797-2020","article-title":"Estimating Raindrop Size Distributions Using Microwave Link Measurements: Potential and Limitations","volume":"13","author":"Leijnse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7251870","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7251870","article-title":"Raindrop Size Distribution Retrieval Using Joint Dual-Frequency and Dual-Polarization Microwave Links","volume":"2019","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu, K., Liu, X., Hu, S., and Gao, T. (2020). Hydrometeor Identification Using Multiple-Frequency Microwave Links: A Numerical Simulation. Remote Sens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12132158"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Ryu, D., and Zheng, D. (2021). Using Remote Sensing Techniques to Improve Hydrological Predictions in a Rapidly Changing World. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193865"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertrand-Krajewski, J., Clemens-Meyer, F., and Lepot, M. (2021). Sensors for rain measurements. Metrology in Urban Drainage and Stormwater Management Plug and Pray, IWA Publishing.","DOI":"10.2166\/9781789060119"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6124149","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6124149","article-title":"Attenuation Correction of Weather Radar Reflectivity with Arbitrary Oriented Microwave Link","volume":"2017","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-617-2017","article-title":"Gauge-Adjusted Rainfall Estimates from Commercial Microwave Links","volume":"21","author":"Fencl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, R., and Liu, T. (2022). A Review of Landcover Classification with Very-High Resolution Remotely Sensed Optical Images\u2014Analysis Unit, Model Scalability and Transferability. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030646"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10898","article-title":"The Effect of Differences between Rainfall Measurement Techniques on Groundwater and Discharge Simulations in a Lowland Catchment","volume":"30","author":"Brauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hydrological Response of a Peri-Urban Catchment Exploiting Conventional and Unconventional Rainfall Observations: The Case Study of Lambro Catchment","volume":"389","author":"Cazzaniga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03402","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa5f46","article-title":"Potential of Commercial Microwave Link Network Derived Rainfall for River Runoff Simulations","volume":"12","author":"Smiatek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109522","article-title":"Commercial Microwave Links for Urban Drainage Modelling: The Effect of Link Characteristics and Their Position on Runoff Simulations","volume":"251","author":"Pastorek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Pastorek, J., Fencl, M., and Bare\u0161, V. (2021, January 25\u201328). Microwave Link Rainfall Data for Urban Drainage Modelling: Reducing the Systematic Errors under Data-Scarce Conditions. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Melbourne, Australia. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/355928278."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"6","article-title":"Review on Key Technologies and Applications of Intelligent Water Conservancy","volume":"5","author":"Lian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Resour. Inf."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, M., Palma, L., Belli, A., Sabbatini, L., and Pierleoni, P. (2022). Recent Advances in Internet of Things Solutions for Early Warning Systems: A Review. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062124"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi3020584","article-title":"A Conceptual Flash Flood Early Warning System for Africa, Based on Terrestrial Microwave Links and Flash Flood Guidance","volume":"3","author":"Hoedjes","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the Use of Measurements from a Commercial Microwave Link for Evaluation of Flash Floods in Arid Regions","volume":"963","author":"Eshel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-991-2016","article-title":"Real Time Data Acquisition of Commercial Microwave Link Networks for Hydrometeorological Applications","volume":"9","author":"Chwala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4219","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-4219-2021","article-title":"A Year of Attenuation Data from a Commercial Dual-Polarized Duplex Microwave Link with Concurrent Disdrometer, Rain Gauge, and Weather Observations","volume":"13","author":"Fencl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-15-485-2022","article-title":"Rainfall Retrieval Algorithm for Commercial Microwave Links: Stochastic Calibration","volume":"15","author":"Wolff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074058","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac0fa6","article-title":"Tropical Rainfall Monitoring with Commercial Microwave Links in Sri Lanka","volume":"16","author":"Overeem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"(2022, May 01). GitHub-Pycomlink\/Pycomlink. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/pycomlink\/pycomlink."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Lin, R., Wang, X., and Chen, W. (2021). The Development and Application of Machine Learning in Atmospheric Environment Studies. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234839"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/502038d","article-title":"Big Data for a Sustainable Future","volume":"502","author":"Hubert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.2166\/hydro.2016.180","article-title":"Big Data and Hydroinformatics","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydroinform"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab1b7d","article-title":"How Can Big Data and Machine Learning Benefit Environment and Water Management: A Survey of Methods, Applications, and Future Directions","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.03.042","article-title":"Quality Control of Rain Gauge Measurements Using Telecommunication Microwave Links","volume":"492","author":"Bianchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Liu, X., Sun, K., Gao, T., Liu, L., and Zhao, S. (2020). Topology Optimization Method of Microwave Link Rain Measurement Network Based on Communication Base Station. (CN111414974A), China Patent."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, D., and Maitra, A. (2012, January 17\u201319). Application of Synthetic Storm Technique to Predict Time Series of Rain Attenuation from Rain Rate Measurement for a Tropical Location. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computers and Devices for Communication (CODEC), Kolkata, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CODEC.2012.6509204"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2006.879209","article-title":"Annual and Diurnal Slant Path Rain Attenuation Statistics in Athens Obtained with the Synthetic Storm Technique","volume":"54","author":"Kanellopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/sat.1246","article-title":"Performance of Synthetic Storm Technique in Estimating Fade Dynamics in Equatorial Malaysia","volume":"36","author":"Jong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Satell. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habi, H., and Messer, H. (2018, January 8\u201311). Wet-Dry Classification Using LSTM and Commercial Microwave Links. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 10th Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM), Sheffield, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAM.2018.8448679"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/12\/4395\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:27:36Z","timestamp":1760138856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/12\/4395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s22124395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22124395","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]}}}