{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T13:34:54Z","timestamp":1777988094794,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]],"date-time":"2022-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C1005869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C1005869"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IITP-2021-0-02046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2021-0-02046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute of Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation (IITP)","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C1005869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C1005869"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation (IITP)","award":["IITP-2021-0-02046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2021-0-02046"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C1005869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C1005869"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT)","award":["IITP-2021-0-02046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2021-0-02046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) have drawn huge attention as a promising solution for 6G networks to enhance diverse performance metrics in a cost-effective way. For massive connectivity toward a higher spectral efficiency, we address an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) to an uplink nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network supported by a multiantenna receiver. We maximize the sum rate of the IRS-aided NOMA network by optimizing the IRS reflection pattern under unit modulus and practical reflection. For a moderate-sized IRS, we obtain an upper bound on the optimal sum rate by solving a determinant maximization (max-det) problem after rank relaxation, which also leads to a feasible solution through Gaussian randomization. For a large number of IRS elements, we apply the iterative algorithms relying on the gradient, such as Broyden\u2013Fletcher\u2013Goldfarb\u2013Shanno (BFGS) and limited-memory BFGS algorithms for which the gradient of the sum rate is derived in a computationally efficient form. The results show that the max-det approach provides a near-optimal performance under unit modulus reflection, while the gradient-based iterative algorithms exhibit merits in performance and complexity for a large-sized IRS with practical reflection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T02:01:44Z","timestamp":1655085704000},"page":"4449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sum Rate Optimization of IRS-Aided Uplink Muliantenna NOMA with Practical Reflection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0113-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihyun","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiggi","family":"Cantos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4895-6680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1013-7046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116753","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2935192","article-title":"Wireless communications through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces","volume":"7","author":"Basar","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900287","article-title":"A vision of 6G wireless systems: Applications, trends, technologies, and open research problems","volume":"34","author":"Saad","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900534","article-title":"Holographic MIMO surfaces for 6G wireless networks: Opportunities, challenges, and trends","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. 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