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China","award":["2020YFB1313502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB1313502"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conductive intracardiac communication (CIC) has become one of the most promising technologies in multisite leadless pacemakers for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Existing studies have shown that cardiac pulsation has a significant impact on the attenuation of intracardiac communication channels. In this study, a novel variable-volume circuit-coupled electrical field heart model, which contains blood and myocardium, is proposed to verify the phenomenon. The influence of measurements was combined with the model as the equivalent circuit. Dynamic intracardiac channel characteristics were obtained by simulating models with varying volumes of the four chambers according to the actual cardiac cycle. Subsequently, in vitro experiments were carried out to verify the model\u2019s correctness. Among the dependences of intracardiac communication channels, the distance between pacemakers exerted the most substantial influence on attenuation. In the simulation and measurement, the relationship between channel attenuation and pulsation was found through the variable-volume heart model and a porcine heart. The CIC channel attenuation had a variation of less than 3 dB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T02:01:44Z","timestamp":1655085704000},"page":"4455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Variable-Volume Heart Model for Galvanic Coupling-Based Conductive Intracardiac Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yiming","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueming","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiejie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siohang","family":"Pun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSL, University of Macau, Macao, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0663-0049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mangi","family":"Vai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSL, University of Macau, Macao, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.12.014","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of short- and long-term complications in pacemaker therapy: The FOLLOWPACE study","volume":"9","author":"Erik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1511643","article-title":"A Leadless Intracardiac Transcatheter Pacing System","volume":"374","author":"Reynolds","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Engl. 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