{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T04:13:07Z","timestamp":1784002387426,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51808474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808474"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["MOST 110-2218-E-305-MBK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2218-E-305-MBK"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["MOST 110-2410-H-324 -004 -MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2410-H-324 -004 -MY2"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan","award":["51808474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808474"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan","award":["MOST 110-2218-E-305-MBK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2218-E-305-MBK"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan","award":["MOST 110-2410-H-324 -004 -MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2410-H-324 -004 -MY2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) have been showing prospective supervising application domains in the underground region of the earth through sensing, computation, and communication. This paper presents a novel Deep Learning (DL)-based Cooperative communication channel model for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks for accurate and reliable monitoring in hostile underground locations. Furthermore, the proposed communication model aims at the effective utilization of cluster-based Cooperative models through the relay nodes. However, by keeping the cost effectiveness, reliability, and user-friendliness of wireless underground sensor networks through inter-cluster Cooperative transmission between two cluster heads, the determination of the overall energy performance is also measured. The energy co-operative channel allocation routing (ECCAR), Energy Hierarchical Optimistic Routing (EHOR), Non-Cooperative, and Dynamic Energy Routing (DER) methods were used to figure out how well the proposed WUSN works. The Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as transmission time, throughput, packet loss, and efficiency were used in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed WUSNs. From the simulation results, it is apparently seen that the proposed system demonstrates some superiority over other methods in terms of its better energy utilization of 89.71%, Packet Delivery ratio of 78.2%, Average Packet Delay of 82.3%, Average Network overhead of 77.4%, data packet throughput of 83.5% and an average system packet loss of 91%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T22:00:38Z","timestamp":1655157638000},"page":"4475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Novel Deep Learning-Based Cooperative Communication Channel Model for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kanthavel","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3599-7272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhaya","family":"Ramakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Arts and Science-Sarat Abidha, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4750-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osamah Ibrahim","family":"Khalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano Renewable Energy Research Center, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 10072, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1919-3407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mueen","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and IT, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha 24449, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4958-2043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin-Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun 130600, China"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41349, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Ming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2904897","article-title":"Deep Learning in Mobile and Wireless Networking: A Survey","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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