{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:21:41Z","timestamp":1770970901328,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020B1212060048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212060048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019B121201004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B121201004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202102021073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102021073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Foundation for Program of Science and Technology Research","award":["42071235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071235"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Foundation for Program of Science and Technology Research","award":["2020B1212060048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212060048"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Foundation for Program of Science and Technology Research","award":["2019B121201004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B121201004"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Foundation for Program of Science and Technology Research","award":["202102021073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102021073"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China","award":["42071235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071235"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China","award":["2020B1212060048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212060048"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China","award":["2019B121201004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B121201004"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China","award":["202102021073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102021073"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural and anthropogenic activities affect soil heavy metal pollution at different spatial scales. Quantifying the spatial variability of soil pollution and its driving forces at different scales is essential for pollution mitigation opportunities. This study applied a multivariate factorial kriging technique to investigate the spatial variability of soil heavy metal pollution and its relationship with environmental factors at multiple scales in a highly urbanized area of Guangzhou, South China. We collected 318 topsoil samples and used five types of environmental factors for the attribution analysis. By factorial kriging, we decomposed the total variance of soil pollution into a nugget effect, a short-range (3 km) variance and a long-range (12 km) variance. The distribution of patches with a high soil pollution level was scattered in the eastern and northwestern parts of the study domain at a short-range scale, while they were more clustered at a long-range scale. The correlations between the soil pollution and environmental factors were either enhanced or counteracted across the three distinct scales. The predictors of soil heavy metal pollution changed from the soil physiochemical properties to anthropogenic dominated factors with the studied scale increase. Our study results suggest that the soil physiochemical properties were a good proxy to soil pollution across the scales. Improving the soil physiochemical properties such as increasing the soil organic matter is essentially effective across scales while restoring vegetation around pollutant sources as a nature-based solution at a large scale would be beneficial for alleviating local soil pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T01:39:54Z","timestamp":1655257194000},"page":"4496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Environmental Controls to Soil Heavy Metal Pollution Vary at Multiple Scales in a Highly Urbanizing Region in Southern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5457-0971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinge","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanglin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junyu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.04.065","article-title":"Soil physiochemical properties and landscape patterns control trace metal contamination at the urban-rural interface in southern China","volume":"250","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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