{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T16:31:16Z","timestamp":1763224276187,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Defense Acquisition Program Administration","award":["UD200043CD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UD200043CD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper addresses the problem of real-time model predictive control (MPC) in the integrated guidance and control (IGC) of missile systems. When the primal-dual interior point method (PD-IPM), which is a convex optimization method, is used as an optimization solution for the MPC, the real-time performance of PD-IPM degenerates due to the elevated computation time in checking the Karush\u2013Kuhn\u2013Tucker (KKT) conditions in PD-IPM. This paper proposes a graphics processing unit (GPU)-based method to parallelize and accelerate PD-IPM for real-time MPC. The real-time performance of the proposed method was tested and analyzed on a widely-used embedded system. The comparison results with the conventional PD-IPM and other methods showed that the proposed method improved the real-time performance by reducing the computation time significantly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T01:39:54Z","timestamp":1655257194000},"page":"4512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["GPU-Accelerated PD-IPM for Real-Time Model Predictive Control in Integrated Missile Guidance and Control Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-839X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanghyeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Manufacturing and Productivity, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Gyeongbuk, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2962-3474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heoncheol","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Gyeongbuk, Korea"}]},{"given":"Yunyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Guided Munition R&D Laboratory, LIGNEX1, Seongnam 13488, Gyeonggi, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jaehyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Guided Munition R&D Laboratory, LIGNEX1, Seongnam 13488, Gyeonggi, Korea"}]},{"given":"Wonseok","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Guided Munition R&D Laboratory, LIGNEX1, Seongnam 13488, Gyeonggi, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.2514\/1.3371","article-title":"Circular navigation missile guidance with incomplete information and uncertain autopilot model","volume":"27","author":"Manchester","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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