{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:28:10Z","timestamp":1781710090665,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["RTI2018-094449-A-I00-AR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-094449-A-I00-AR"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["G8 2020-39651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G8 2020-39651"]}]},{"name":"Regional Joint Call for R+D+i projects","award":["RTI2018-094449-A-I00-AR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-094449-A-I00-AR"]}]},{"name":"Regional Joint Call for R+D+i projects","award":["G8 2020-39651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G8 2020-39651"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Swallowing is a complex sequence of highly regulated and coordinated skeletal and smooth muscle activity. Previous studies have attempted to determine the temporal relationship between the muscles to establish the activation sequence pattern, assessing functional muscle coordination with cross-correlation or coherence, which is seriously impaired by volume conduction. In the present work, we used conditional Granger causality from surface electromyography signals to analyse the directed functional coordination between different swallowing muscles in both healthy and dysphagic subjects ingesting saliva, water, and yoghurt boluses. In healthy individuals, both bilateral and ipsilateral muscles showed higher coupling strength than contralateral muscles. We also found a dominant downward direction in ipsilateral supra and infrahyoid muscles. In dysphagic subjects, we found a significantly higher right-to-left infrahyoid, right ipsilateral infra-to-suprahyoid, and left ipsilateral supra-to-infrahyoid interactions, in addition to significant differences in the left ipsilateral muscles between bolus types. Our results suggest that the functional coordination analysis of swallowing muscles contains relevant information on the swallowing process and possible dysfunctions associated with dysphagia, indicating that it could potentially be used to assess the progress of the disease or the effectiveness of rehabilitation therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T01:39:54Z","timestamp":1655257194000},"page":"4513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Directed Functional Coordination Analysis of Swallowing Muscles in Healthy and Dysphagic Subjects by Surface Electromyography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2929-181X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiyao","family":"Ye-Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9362-5055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gema","family":"Prats-Boluda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Galiano-Botella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Roldan-Vasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Materiales Avanzados y Energ\u00eda, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Metropolitano, Medellin 050034, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Orozco-Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Metropolitano, Medellin 050034, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1410-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Garcia-Casado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-017-0424-x","article-title":"Evaluation of normal swallowing functions by using dynamic high-density surface electromyography maps","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599814549156","article-title":"The Prevalence of Dysphagia among Adults in the United States","volume":"151","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehmc.2016.07.004","article-title":"Dysphagia in the Hospitalized Patient","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hosp. Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Daroff, R.B., Jankovic, J., Mazziotta, J.C., and Pomeroy, S.L. (2016). Bradley\u2019s Neurology in Clinical Practice, Elsevier. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/000348941312200508","article-title":"Causes of dysphagia in a tertiary-care swallowing center","volume":"122","author":"Hoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-001-0113-5","article-title":"Social and Psychological Burden of Dysphagia: Its Impact on Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"17","author":"Ekberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000339974","article-title":"Definition, Prevalence and Burden of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: A Serious Problem among Older Adults Worldwide and the Impact on Prognosis and Hospital Resources","volume":"Volume 72","author":"Cichero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stepping Stones to Living Well with Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Economic and survival burden of dysphagia among inpatients in the United States","volume":"31","author":"Krishnaswami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3376-3","article-title":"Impact of oropharyngeal dysphagia on healthcare cost and length of stay in hospital: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Attrill","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-3-26","article-title":"Standardization of surface electromyography utilized to evaluate patients with dysphagia","volume":"3","author":"Vaiman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599816657013","article-title":"Muscle Tension Dysphagia: Symptomology and Theoretical Framework","volume":"155","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0014.1997","article-title":"Diagnosis in Muscle Tension Dysphagia","volume":"74","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Polska"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-170892","article-title":"The use of surface electromyography in dysphagia evaluation","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Casado, J., Prats-Boluda, G., Ye-Lin, Y., Restrepo-Agudelo, S., Perez-Giraldo, E., and Orozco-Duque, A. (2020). Evaluation of Swallowing Related Muscle Activity by Means of Concentric Ring Electrodes. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185267"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2020.06.009","article-title":"Detection of swallowing disorders using a multiple channel surface electromyography sheet: A preliminary study","volume":"16","author":"Koyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.11336\/jjcrs.11.52","article-title":"Evaluation of the myoelectric potential of the infrahyoid muscles as a means of detecting muscle activity of the suprahyoid muscles","volume":"11","author":"Mori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Compr. Rehabilit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-014-9566-1","article-title":"Electromyography of Swallowing with Fine Wire Intramuscular Electrodes in Healthy Human: Activation Sequence of Selected Hyoid Muscles","volume":"29","author":"Inokuchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2017.05.001","article-title":"Improving surface EMG burst detection in infrahyoid muscles during swallowing using digital filters and discrete wavelet analysis","volume":"35","author":"Perez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2018.10.004","article-title":"Automatic detection of oral and pharyngeal phases in swallowing using classification algorithms and multichannel EMG","volume":"43","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2020.105480","article-title":"Orozco-Duque. Scalogram-energy based segmentation of surface electromyography signals from swallowing related muscles","volume":"194","author":"Sebastian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210100813","article-title":"Parallel cortical networks for volitional control of swallowing in humans","volume":"140","author":"Mosier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-007-9093-4","article-title":"The Dynamics of Lingual-Mandibular Coordination During Liquid Swallowing","volume":"23","author":"Steele","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12572","article-title":"Relationship between swallowing function and the skeletal muscle mass of older adults requiring long-term care","volume":"15","author":"Murakami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.06.001","article-title":"Anatomy and Physiology of Feeding and Swallowing: Normal and Abnormal","volume":"19","author":"Matsuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199411000-00010","article-title":"Activation and Coordination Patterns of the Suprahyoid Muscles During Swallowing","volume":"104","author":"Spiro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199403000-00017","article-title":"Oral and Laryngeal Muscle Coordination During Swallowing","volume":"104","author":"Gay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.5.1663","article-title":"Electromyographic activity from human laryngeal, pharyngeal, and submental muscles during swallowing","volume":"86","author":"Perlman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00007-X","article-title":"Non-invasive monitoring of functionally distinct muscle activations during swallowing","volume":"113","author":"McKeown","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.13066\/kspm.2018.13.4.19","article-title":"Analysis of the Correlation between Activity of the Suprahyoid Muscles, Infrahyoid Muscles and the New VFSS Scale in Stroke Patients with Dysphagia","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Phys. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1562646","article-title":"Tongue-surface movement patterns during speech and swallowing","volume":"113","author":"Green","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.03.023","article-title":"Evaluation of jaw and neck muscle activities while chewing using EMG-EMG transfer function and EMG-EMG coherence function analyses in healthy subjects","volume":"160","author":"Ishii","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00175","article-title":"A Tutorial Review of Functional Connectivity Analysis Methods and Their Interpretational Pitfalls","volume":"9","author":"Bastos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Overlapping connectivity patterns during semantic processing of abstract and concrete words revealed with multivariate Granger Causality analysis","volume":"10","author":"Hnazaee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manomaisaowapak, P., Nartkulpat, A., and Songsiri, J. (2021). Granger Causality Inference in EEG Source Connectivity Analysis: A State-Space Approach. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks Learn. Syst., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.07.329276"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00457","article-title":"Altered Granger Causal Connectivity of Resting-State Neural Networks in Patients With Leukoaraiosis-Associated Cognitive Impairment\u2014A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.01.017","article-title":"Granger causality: Cortico-thalamic interdependencies during absence seizures in WAG\/Rij rats","volume":"170","author":"Sitnikova","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"20110613","article-title":"Causal inference with multiple time series: Principles and problems","volume":"371","author":"Eichler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03118.x","article-title":"The effect of bolus viscosity on swallowing function in neurogenic dysphagia","volume":"24","author":"Arreola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozorgi, C., Holleufer, C., and Wendin, K. (2020). Saliva Secretion and Swallowing\u2014The Impact of Different Types of Food and Drink on Subsequent Intake. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010256"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2013.10.018","article-title":"The MVGC multivariate Granger causality toolbox: A new approach to Granger-causal inference","volume":"223","author":"Barnett","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"965","article-title":"Review of Surface Electromyogram Signals: Its Analysis and Applications","volume":"7","author":"Goen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Electron. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.020","article-title":"Analyzing information flow in brain networks with nonparametric Granger causality","volume":"41","author":"Dhamala","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-010-9314-0","article-title":"Stage Transition and Laryngeal Closure in Poststroke Patients with Dysphagia","volume":"26","author":"Oommen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2018.00030","article-title":"The Effect of Common Signals on Power, Coherence and Granger Causality: Theoretical Review, Simulations, and Empirical Analysis of Fruit Fly LFPs Data","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-015-9634-1","article-title":"Electrophysiological Investigations of Shape and Reproducibility of Oropharyngeal Swallowing: Interaction with Bolus Volume and Age","volume":"30","author":"Alfonsi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.34160\/jkds.2021.11.2.007","article-title":"Reliability of Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Electromyographic Measurements during Swallowing in Healthy Subjects","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Korean Dysphagia Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.02.006","article-title":"The importance of the reproducibility of oropharyngeal swallowing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. An electrophysiological study","volume":"128","author":"Cosentino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2004.01325.x","article-title":"Changes in masseter muscle activity associated with swallowing","volume":"31","author":"Hiraoka","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Study of the electrical activity of muscles: Masseter, temporal and supra-hyoid during swallowing","volume":"3","author":"Zanato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Oral Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-8-6","article-title":"Surface electromyography pattern of human swallowing","volume":"8","author":"Monaco","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84972-6","article-title":"Electromyographic activation patterns during swallowing in older adults","volume":"11","author":"Ko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7386.433","article-title":"Investigation and management of chronic dysphagia","volume":"326","author":"Leslie","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2005\/088)","article-title":"Comparison of Clinician Judgments and Measurements of Swallow Response Time","volume":"48","author":"Karnell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.07.010","article-title":"Prolonged Swallowing Time in Dysphagic Parkinsonism Patients With Aspiration Pneumonia","volume":"93","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teismann, I.K., Warnecke, T., Suntrup, S., Steinstr\u00e4ter, O., Kronenberg, L., Ringelstein, E.B., Dengler, R., Petri, S., Pantev, C., and Dziewas, R. (2011). Cortical Processing of Swallowing in Als Patients with Progressive Dysphagia\u2014A Magnetoencephalographic Study. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019987"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.1.125","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms of oropharyngeal dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"123","author":"Ertekin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.6.1370","article-title":"Mechanisms of dysphagia in suprabulbar palsy with lacunar infarct","volume":"31","author":"Ertekin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres11020015","article-title":"Clinical and Electromyographic Assessment of Swallowing in Individuals with Functional Dysphonia Associated with Dysphagia Due to Muscle Tension or Atypical Swallowing","volume":"11","author":"Bartosik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Audiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90485.2008","article-title":"Correspondence between food consistency and suprahyoid muscle activity, tongue pressure, and bolus transit times during the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing","volume":"105","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"078","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm14055","article-title":"Effect of Bolus Volume and Consistency on Swallowing Events Duration in Healthy Subjects","volume":"21","author":"Nascimento","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-010-9323-z","article-title":"Normal swallowing acoustics across age, gender, bolus viscosity, and bolus volume","volume":"26","author":"Youmans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-9-7","article-title":"Effects of liquid stimuli on dual-axis swallowing accelerometry signals in a healthy population","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2011.02.014","article-title":"Texture design for products using food hydrocolloids","volume":"26","author":"Funami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-009-9243-y","article-title":"Sensory and Motor Responses of Normal Young Adults During Swallowing of Foods with Different Properties and Volumes","volume":"25","author":"Igarashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000356730","article-title":"Oropharyngeal Dysphagia and Swallowing Dysfunction","volume":"33","author":"Sifrim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Gastrointest. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14326\/abe.9.10","article-title":"Swallowing Pattern Classification Method Using Multichannel Surface EMG Signals of Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Muscles","volume":"9","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-010-9309-x","article-title":"Physiological Variability in the Deglutition Literature: Hyoid and Laryngeal Kinematics","volume":"26","author":"Molfenter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-012-9429-6","article-title":"Dysphagia in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Assessed Objectively by Surface Electromyography","volume":"28","author":"Archer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dysphagia"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/12\/4513\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:31:42Z","timestamp":1760139102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/12\/4513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s22124513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22124513","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]}}}