{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:39:51Z","timestamp":1760229591270,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]],"date-time":"2022-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Missing tag incidents are common in RFID-enabled supply-chain and warehousing scenarios due to cargo theft and employee error operations, which may lead to serious economic losses or potential safety hazards. On the premise of ensuring the accuracy of missing tag detection, this paper aims to improve the time efficiency in an integrated RFID system. Unlike prior work focusing on detecting missing items from a large number of homogeneous tags that are monitored by a single reader, one integrated RFID system possesses multiple readers to communicate with the heterogeneous tags, which have different categorical attributes. In addition, the prior work required repeating the execution several times to capture the missing tags in assorted categories, which is of low time efficiency. Thus, a protocol called Multi-reader Missing Tag Detection (MMTD) is proposed to capture the missing tag quickly and reliably, which can detect missing tags from different categories in a parallel manner and is much more time-efficient than previous work. MMTD has two major advantages compared to prior work: (i) It leverages the knowledge of the spatial distribution of tags to divide up a difficult detection task into several lightweight tasks, which are shared by multiple readers. (ii) It personalizes the time frame of the reader based on the tag population to optimize the utilization of the communication channel. The final simulation results reveal that MMTD is the best in time-efficiency among the comparison protocols, and MMTD outperforms the other missing tag detection protocols by at least 1.5\u00d7 in the Integrated RFID scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T21:19:26Z","timestamp":1655673566000},"page":"4601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A High Time-Efficient Missing Tag Detection Scheme for Integrated RFID Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4239-0548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaimin","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keqiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102640","article-title":"EUMD: Efficient Slot UItilization based Missing Tag Detection with Unknown Tags","volume":"160","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2019, March 20). Available online: http:\/\/fortune.com\/2015\/06\/05\/walmart-theft\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Muhammad, S., and Liu, A.X. (May, January 26). Expecting the Unexpected: Fast and Reliable Detection of Missing RFID Tags in the Wild. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3058950","article-title":"Fast and Reliable Missing Tag Detection for Multiple-Group RFID Systems","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2020.2984706","article-title":"Missing-tag Detection with Unknown Tags","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Guo, K., Liu, Z., Zhou, X., Qi, H., and Xue, W. (2018, January 17\u201319). Fast and Accurate Missing Tag Detection for Multi-category RFID Systems. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT), Xian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartIoT.2018.00-12"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.06.081301","article-title":"Efficient Techniques for Monitoring Missing RFID Tags","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, W., Chen, S., Li, T., and Chen, S. (2011, January 10\u201315). Efficient Missing Tag Detection in RFID Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2011.5935181"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2018.2889068","article-title":"Missing Tag Identification in Cots RFID Systems: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., and Sun, J. (2011, January 17\u201320). Fast Identification of the Missing Tags in a Large RFID System. Proceedings of the IEEE SECON, Nashville, TN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2011.5984908"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3386242","article-title":"Time-efficient Missing Tag Identification in an Open RFID System","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2752239","article-title":"Efficiently and Completely Identifying Missing Key Tags for Anonymous RFID Systems","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2664810","article-title":"Efficient and Reliable Missing Tag Identification for Large-scale RFID Systems with Unknown Tags","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"481","article-title":"An Efficient Hash-based RFID Grouping Authentication Protocol Providing Missing Tags Detection","volume":"19","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Internet Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10324","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2986352","article-title":"On Fast and Reliable Missing Event Detection Protocol for Multitagged RFID Systems","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2895819","article-title":"An Efficient Dynamic Anti-Collision Protocol Mobile RFID Tags Identification","volume":"23","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/JRFID.2018.2828094","article-title":"A Survey of RFID Readers Anticollision Protocols","volume":"2","author":"Mbacke","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Radio Freq. Identif."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amadou, I., Mitton, N., and Sarma, S.E. (2015, January 1\u20132). HAMAC: High Adaptive MAC Protocol for Dense RFID Reader-to-reader Networks. Proceedings of the of AdHocNets, San Remo, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25067-0_7"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., and Li, M. (2013, January 14\u201319). ZOE: Fast Cardinality Estimation for Large-scale RFID Systems. Proceedings of the The 32nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, Turin, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2013.6566879"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2016.2594481","article-title":"Multi-category RFID Estimation","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2015.2481999","article-title":"PLACE: Physical Layer Cardinality Estimation for Large-scale RFID Systems","volume":"24","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, W., Chen, S., Li, T., and Qiao, Y. (2012, January 11\u201314). Probabilistic Missing-tag Detection and Energy-time Tradeoff in Large-scale RFID Systems. Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing\u2014MobiHoc, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2248371.2248387"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.01.027","article-title":"A Protocol for Detecting Missing Target Tags in RFID Systems","volume":"132","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2014.2298039","article-title":"Fast and Accurate Estimation of RFID Tags","volume":"23","author":"Shahzad","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Xiao, B., Li, K., Wu, J., Liu, A., Qi, H., and Xie, X. (May, January 26). Rfid Cardinality Estimation with Blocker Tags. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2015.7218548"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2014.2308873","article-title":"Probabilistic Optimal Tree Hopping for RFID Identification","volume":"23","author":"Shahzad","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahzad, M., and Liu, A.X. (2012, January 22\u201326). Every Bit Counts: Fast and Scalable RFID Estimation. Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking\u2014MobiCom, Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1145\/2348543.2348588"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2016.2536626","article-title":"Scalable Industry Data Access Control in RFID-enabled Supply Chain","volume":"24","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bethencourt, J., Sahai, A., and Waters, B. (2007, January 20\u201323). Ciphertext-policy Attributebased Encryption. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, Oakland, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2007.11"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2832849","article-title":"Lightweight and practical anonymous authentication protocol for RFID systems using physically unclonable functions","volume":"13","author":"Gope","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Waldrop, J., Engels, D.W., and Sarma, S.E. (2003, January 11\u201315). Colorwave: An Anticollision Algorithm for the Reader Collision Problem. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2012.11.030","article-title":"Optimal Scheduling-based RFID Reader-to-reader Collision Avoidance Method using Artificial Immune System","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/12\/4601\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:34:29Z","timestamp":1760139269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/12\/4601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s22124601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22124601","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]}}}