{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:39:42Z","timestamp":1760229582459,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]],"date-time":"2022-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 110-2221-E-035-006-MY3","202251F0054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2221-E-035-006-MY3","202251F0054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan","award":["MOST 110-2221-E-035-006-MY3","202251F0054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2221-E-035-006-MY3","202251F0054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evaluation of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) has proven to be critical for medical applications. The use of \u03b1 indices by spectral methods has been the most popular approach to BRS estimation. Recently, an algorithm termed Gaussian average filtering decomposition (GAFD) has been proposed to serve the same purpose. GAFD adopts a three-layer tree structure similar to wavelet decomposition but is only constructed by Gaussian windows in different cutoff frequency. Its computation is more efficient than that of conventional spectral methods, and there is no need to specify any parameter. This research presents a novel approach, referred to as modulated Gaussian filter (modGauss) for BRS estimation. It has a more simplified structure than GAFD using only two bandpass filters of dedicated passbands, so that the three-level structure in GAFD is avoided. This strategy makes modGauss more efficient than GAFD in computation, while the advantages of GAFD are preserved. Both GAFD and modGauss are conducted extensively in the time domain, yet can achieve similar results to conventional spectral methods. In computational simulations, the EuroBavar dataset was used to assess the performance of the novel algorithm. The BRS values were calculated by four other methods (three spectral approaches and GAFD) for performance comparison. From a comparison using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, it was found that there was no statistically significant dissimilarity; instead, very good agreement using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was observed. The modGauss algorithm was also found to be the fastest in computation time and suitable for the long-term estimation of BRS. The novel algorithm, as described in this report, can be applied in medical equipment for real-time estimation of BRS in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22124618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T21:19:26Z","timestamp":1655673566000},"page":"4618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Novel Method for Baroreflex Sensitivity Estimation Using Modulated Gaussian Filter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Tienhsiung","family":"Ku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50051, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Serge Ismael","family":"Zida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Program of Electrical and Communications Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1141-1406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Latifa Nabila","family":"Harfiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0475-3689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan"},{"name":"AI Research Center, Hon Hai (Foxconn) Research Institute, Taipei 114699, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1495-166X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue-Der","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Program of Electrical and Communications Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Automatic Control Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S234","DOI":"10.1152\/advances.1999.277.6.S234","article-title":"Reflexes that control cardiovascular function","volume":"277","author":"Heesch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. 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