{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T07:11:50Z","timestamp":1766301110115,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Cancer Society (CCS)"},{"name":"Ontario Research Fund\u2014Research Excellence Program (ORF-RE)"},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the Radialis organ-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) Camera with standardized tests and through assessment of clinical-imaging results. Sensitivity, count-rate performance, and spatial resolution were evaluated according to the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NU-4 standards, with necessary modifications to accommodate the planar detector design. The detectability of small objects was shown with micro hotspot phantom images. The clinical performance of the camera was also demonstrated through breast cancer images acquired with varying injected doses of 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) and qualitatively compared with sample digital full-field mammography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and whole-body (WB) PET images. Micro hotspot phantom sources were visualized down to 1.35 mm-diameter rods. Spatial resolution was calculated to be 2.3 \u00b1 0.1 mm for the in-plane resolution and 6.8 \u00b1 0.1 mm for the cross-plane resolution using maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) reconstruction. The system peak noise equivalent count rate was 17.8 kcps at a 18F-FDG concentration of 10.5 kBq\/mL. System scatter fraction was 24%. The overall efficiency at the peak noise equivalent count rate was 5400 cps\/MBq. The maximum axial sensitivity achieved was 3.5%, with an average system sensitivity of 2.4%. Selected results from clinical trials demonstrate capability of imaging lesions at the chest wall and identifying false-negative X-ray findings and false-positive MRI findings, even at up to a 10-fold dose reduction in comparison with standard 18F-FDG doses (i.e., at 37 MBq or 1 mCi). The evaluation of the organ-targeted Radialis PET Camera indicates that it is a promising technology for high-image-quality, low-dose PET imaging. High-efficiency radiotracer detection also opens an opportunity to reduce administered doses of radiopharmaceuticals and, therefore, patient exposure to radiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T04:12:01Z","timestamp":1655871121000},"page":"4678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Evaluation of a High-Sensitivity Organ-Targeted PET Camera"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Justin","family":"Stiles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Baldassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Bubon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"},{"name":"Radialis Medical, Thunder Bay, ON P7A 7T1, Canada"},{"name":"Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 7A5, Canada"}]},{"given":"Harutyun","family":"Poladyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 7A5, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2563-0861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivianne","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Sinai Health System, Women\u2019s College Hospital, Toronto, ON M5S 1B2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Anabel","family":"Scaranelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Sinai Health System, Women\u2019s College Hospital, Toronto, ON M5S 1B2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Anna Marie","family":"Mulligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Sinai Health System, Women\u2019s College Hospital, Toronto, ON M5S 1B2, Canada"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Waterston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radialis Medical, Thunder Bay, ON P7A 7T1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Reznik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"},{"name":"Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 7A5, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpet.2016.08.010","article-title":"Precision Medicine and PET\/Computed Tomography: Challenges and Implementation","volume":"12","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2017","journal-title":"PET Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.203612","article-title":"Additional Clinical Value for PET\/MRI in Oncology: Moving Beyond Simple Diagnosis","volume":"59","author":"Miles","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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