{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T02:58:08Z","timestamp":1775789888596,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC)","award":["18\/EPSRC-CDT\/3584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/EPSRC-CDT\/3584"]}]},{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC)","award":["EP\/S022635\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S022635\/1"]}]},{"name":"Advanced Forming Research Centre (AFRC)","award":["18\/EPSRC-CDT\/3584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/EPSRC-CDT\/3584"]}]},{"name":"Advanced Forming Research Centre (AFRC)","award":["EP\/S022635\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S022635\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18\/EPSRC-CDT\/3584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/EPSRC-CDT\/3584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/S022635\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S022635\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18\/EPSRC-CDT\/3584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/EPSRC-CDT\/3584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/S022635\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S022635\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the machining process, substantial thermal loads are generated due to tribological factors and plastic deformation. The increase in temperature during the cutting process can lead to accelerated tool wear, reducing the tool\u2019s lifespan; the degradation of machining accuracy in the form of dimensional inaccuracies; and thermally induced defects affecting the metallurgical properties of the machined component. These effects can lead to a significant increase in operational costs and waste which deviate from the sustainability goals of Industry 4.0. Temperature is an important machining response; however, it is one of the most difficult factors to monitor, especially in high-speed machining applications such as drilling and milling, because of the high rotational speeds of the cutting tool and the aggressive machining environments. In this article, thermocouple and infrared radiation temperature measurement methods used by researchers to monitor temperature during turning, drilling and milling operations are reviewed. The major merits and limitations of each temperature measurement methodology are discussed and evaluated. Thermocouples offer a relatively inexpensive solution; however, they are prone to calibration drifts and their response times are insufficient to capture rapid temperature changes in high-speed operations. Fibre optic infrared thermometers have very fast response times; however, they can be relatively expensive and require a more robust implementation. It was found that no one temperature measurement methodology is ideal for all machining operations. The most suitable temperature measurement method can be selected by individual researchers based upon their experimental requirements using critical criteria, which include the expected temperature range, the sensor sensitivity to noise, responsiveness and cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T04:12:01Z","timestamp":1655871121000},"page":"4693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["A Comparative Review of Thermocouple and Infrared Radiation Temperature Measurement Methods during the Machining of Metals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6448-0467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilios","family":"Leonidas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK"},{"name":"Sensor Systems Group, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Sheffield, Portabello Centre, Pitt Street, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabino","family":"Ayvar-Soberanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC), Machining Research, Process Modelling & Control Group, Factory of the Future, Wallis Way, Advanced Manufacturing Park, Catcliffe, Rotherham S60 5TZ, South Yorkshire, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hatim","family":"Laalej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC), Machining Research, Process Modelling & Control Group, Factory of the Future, Wallis Way, Advanced Manufacturing Park, Catcliffe, Rotherham S60 5TZ, South Yorkshire, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Forming Research Centre (AFRC), Advanced Forming Research Centre, 85 Inchinnan Drive, Paisley PA4 9LJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4242-1204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon R.","family":"Willmott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensor Systems Group, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Sheffield, Portabello Centre, Pitt Street, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-015-6975-8","article-title":"The effect of machining process thermo-mechanical loading on workpiece average grain size","volume":"80","author":"Fergani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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