{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T15:38:50Z","timestamp":1767109130772,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Portugal (AICOS)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138302\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138302\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Federal University of Goi\u00e1s (UFG)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138302\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138302\/2018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138302\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138302\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things (IoT) is based on objects or \u201cthings\u201d that have the ability to communicate and transfer data. Due to the large number of connected objects and devices, there has been a rapid growth in the amount of data that are transferred over the Internet. To support this increase, the heterogeneity of devices and their geographical distributions, there is a need for IoT gateways that can cope with this demand. The SOFTWAY4IoT project, which was funded by the National Education and Research Network (RNP), has developed a software-defined and virtualized IoT gateway that supports multiple wireless communication technologies and fog\/cloud environment integration. In this work, we propose a planning method that uses optimization models for the deployment of IoT gateways in smart campuses. The presented models aimed to quantify the minimum number of IoT gateways that is necessary to cover the desired area and their positions and to distribute IoT devices to the respective gateways. For this purpose, the communication technology range and the data link consumption were defined as the parameters for the optimization models. Three models are presented, which use LoRa, Wi-Fi, and BLE communication technologies. The gateway deployment problem was solved in two steps: first, the gateways were quantified using a linear programming model; second, the gateway positions and the distribution of IoT devices were calculated using the classical K-means clustering algorithm and the metaheuristic particle swarm optimization. Case studies and experiments were conducted at the Samambaia Campus of the Federal University of Goi\u00e1s as an example. Finally, an analysis of the three models was performed, using metrics such as the silhouette coefficient. Non-parametric hypothesis tests were also applied to the performed experiments to verify that the proposed models did not produce results using the same population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T23:11:19Z","timestamp":1655939479000},"page":"4710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Planning and Optimization of Software-Defined and Virtualized IoT Gateway Deployment for Smart Campuses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2803-0290","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Divino","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Senador Canedo, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Goi\u00e1s (IFG), Senador Canedo 75250-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Informatics (INF), Federal University of Goi\u00e1s (UFG), Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8434-5089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Lucas","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Informatics (INF), Federal University of Goi\u00e1s (UFG), Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1260-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Santos\u00a0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Palmas, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Tocantins (IFTO), Palmas 77021-090, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2253-5404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e9rcio","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology (IBiotec), Federal University of Catal\u00e3o (UFCAT), Catal\u00e3o 75705-220, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4337-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC-TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Leandro Alexandre","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Inhumas, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Goi\u00e1s (IFG), Inhumas 75402-556, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4310-2379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waldir","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Portugal AICOS, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3595-3525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Oliveira-Jr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Informatics (INF), Federal University of Goi\u00e1s (UFG), Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Portugal AICOS, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, M., Kumar, S., Kashyap, P.K., Aggarwal, G., Rathore, R.S., Kaiwartya, O., and Lloret, J. 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