{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:41:50Z","timestamp":1765546910042,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project of Science and Technology on Communication Networks Laboratory","award":["SCX21641X00","2020YFB1807203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCX21641X00","2020YFB1807203"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["SCX21641X00","2020YFB1807203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCX21641X00","2020YFB1807203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this contribution, the concept of spatial modulation (SM) is firstly integrated into the structure of space-time block codes (STBC)-aided vertical Bell-labs layered space-time (VBLAST) systems, in order to strike a balanced tradeoff among bit error ratio (BER), spectral efficiency and computational complexity. First of all, in order to enhance the BER performance of STBC-VBLAST, we advocate an effective transmit power allocation (TPA) scheme with negligible implementation costs, while dividing the STBC and VBLAST layers with alleviated interference, so as to facilitate combination with SM. Then, we further utilize the unique structure of SM for enhancing the spectral efficiency of original STBC-VBLAST, wherein the information is conveyed by not only the amplitude\/phase modulation (APM) symbols but also the antenna indices. In addition, constellation sets of STBC symbols are specifically designed to be rotated to make full use of the degrees of freedom. Finally, the performance advantages of the above-mentioned structures over traditional STBC-VBLAST are demonstrated by the theoretical derivation of a closed-form expression for the union bound on the bit error probability for various spectral efficiencies, and they are supported by simulation results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T23:11:19Z","timestamp":1655939479000},"page":"4719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Integrated Spatial Modulation and STBC-VBLAST Design toward Efficient MIMO Transmission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kaiyuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Communication Networks Laboratory, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lizhe","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Communication Networks Laboratory, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Communication Networks Laboratory, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Communication Networks Laboratory, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Communication Networks Laboratory, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0668-7080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingjian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Communication Networks Laboratory, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2019.1800418","article-title":"6G wireless communications: Vision and potential techniques","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.211.2100164","article-title":"MIMO Evolution toward 6G: Modular Massive MIMO in Low-Frequency Bands","volume":"59","author":"Jeon","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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Theory"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/13\/4719\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:37:51Z","timestamp":1760139471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/13\/4719"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s22134719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22134719","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]}}}