{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T05:47:04Z","timestamp":1768974424434,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["GRF 17207114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRF 17207114"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["GRF 17210815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRF 17210815"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["AOARD FA2386-17-1-0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AOARD FA2386-17-1-0010"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["NSFC 61271158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC 61271158"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["Hong Kong UGC AoE\/P\u201304\/08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hong Kong UGC AoE\/P\u201304\/08"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["HKRGC GRF 12300218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HKRGC GRF 12300218"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["12300519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12300519"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["17201020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17201020"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["17300021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17300021"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["HKRGC CRF C1013-21GF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HKRGC CRF C1013-21GF"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["C7004-21GF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C7004-21GF"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of Hong Kong","award":["NSFC\/RGC N-HKU769\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC\/RGC N-HKU769\/21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a novel inverse method based on the deep convolutional neural network (ConvNet) to extract snow\u2019s layer thickness and temperature via passive microwave remote sensing (PMRS). The proposed ConvNet is trained using simulated data obtained through conventional computational electromagnetic methods. Compared with the traditional inverse method, the trained ConvNet can predict the result with higher accuracy. Besides, the proposed method has a strong tolerance for noise. The proposed ConvNet composes three pairs of convolutional and activation layers with one additional fully connected layer to realize regression, i.e., the inversion of snow parameters. The feasibility of the proposed method in learning the inversion of snow parameters is validated by numerical examples. The inversion results indicate that the correlation coefficient (R2) ratio between the proposed ConvNet and conventional methods reaches 4.8, while the ratio for the root mean square error (RMSE) is only 0.18. Hence, the proposed method experiments with a novel path to improve the inversion of passive microwave remote sensing through deep learning approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T22:50:23Z","timestamp":1656283823000},"page":"4769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Snow Parameters Inversion from Passive Microwave Remote Sensing Measurements by Deep Convolutional Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Heming","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6113-2168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Ewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Perak 31900, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1029\/2004RG000157","article-title":"Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. 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