{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T06:59:38Z","timestamp":1783666778787,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Federal Ministry for Climate Action, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology","award":["4711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4711"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of sensor technology in sports facilitates the data-driven evaluation of human movement not only in terms of quantity but also in terms of quality. This scoping review presents an overview of sensor technologies and human movement quality assessments in ecologically-similar environments. We searched four online databases to identify 16 eligible articles with either recreational and\/or professional athletes. A total of 50% of the studies used inertial sensor technology, 31% vision-based sensor technology. Most of the studies (69%) assessed human movement quality using either the comparison to an expert\u2019s performance, to an exercise definition or to the athletes\u2019 individual baseline performance. A total of 31% of the studies used expert-based labeling of the movements to label data. None of the included studies used a control group-based study design to investigate impact on training progress, injury prevention or behavior change. Although studies have used sensor technology for movement quality assessment, the transfer from the lab to the field in recreational and professional sports is still emerging. Hence, research would benefit from impact studies of technology-assisted training interventions including control groups as well as investigating features of human movement quality in addition to kinematic parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T22:50:23Z","timestamp":1656283823000},"page":"4786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Human Movement Quality Assessment Using Sensor Technologies in Recreational and Professional Sports: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6346-7650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"Venek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motion Analytics, Salzburg Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4014-7846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Kranzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motion Analytics, Salzburg Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0380-8801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hermann","family":"Schwameder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6685-1540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"St\u00f6ggl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria"},{"name":"Red Bull Athletes Performance Center, 5303 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Pre-participation screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function-part 1","volume":"1","author":"Cook","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Sport. Phys. Ther. NAJSPT"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0b013e318195eb2f","article-title":"The bodyweight squat: A movement screen for the squat pattern","volume":"31","author":"Kritz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Strength Cond. J."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kritz, M. (2012). Development, reliability and effectiveness of the Movement Competency Screen (MCS). [Ph.D. Thesis, Auckland University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2012.3838","article-title":"The Functional Movement Screen: A Reliability Study","volume":"42","author":"Teyhen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sport. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00743","article-title":"A Critical Review of Consumer Wearables, Mobile Applications, and Equipment for Providing Biofeedback, Monitoring Stress, and Sleep in Physically Active Populations","volume":"9","author":"Peake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camomilla, V., Bergamini, E., Fantozzi, S., and Vannozzi, G. (2018). Trends supporting the in-field use of wearable inertial sensors for sport performance evaluation: A systematic review. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030873"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2018.1528285","article-title":"Trends and research issues of mobile learning studies in hospitality, leisure, sport and tourism education: A review of academic publications from 2002 to 2017","volume":"28","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01708","article-title":"Staying physically active during the quarantine and self-isolation period for controlling and mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic overview of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Chtourou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruth, J., Willwacher, S., and Korn, O. (2022). Acceptance of Digital Sports: A Study Showing the Rising Acceptance of Digital Health Activities Due to the SARS-CoV-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010596"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandey, M., Nebeling, M., Park, S.Y., and Oney, S. (2019, January 20\u201323). Exploring Tracking Needs and Practices of Recreational Athletes. Proceedings of the 13th EAI International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare-Demos and Posters. European Alliance for Innovation (EAI), Trento, Italy.","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.20-5-2019.2283726"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2014.0047","article-title":"Motor Rehabilitation Using Kinect: A Systematic Review","volume":"4","author":"Fallavollita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowman, T., Gervasoni, E., Arienti, C., Lazzerini, S.G., Negrini, S., Crea, S., Cattaneo, D., and Carrozza, M.C. (2021). Wearable devices for biofeedback rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis to design application rules and estimate the effectiveness on balance and gait outcomes in neurological diseases. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103444"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuwirth, C., Snyder, C., Kremser, W., Brunauer, R., Holzer, H., and St\u00f6ggl, T. (2020). Classification of alpine skiing styles using GNSS and inertial measurement units. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154232"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2022, February 22). Guides: Scoping Reviews: Home. Available online: https:\/\/guides.library.unisa.edu.au\/ScopingReviews."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"RStudio Team (2019). RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R, RStudio, Inc."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"R Core Team (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Garnier, S., Ross, N., Rudis, R., Camargo, P.A., Sciaini, M., and Scherer, C. (2022, February 22). Viridis-Colorblind-Friendly Color Maps for R, R package version 0.6.2; 2021. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/viridis\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Tennekes, M. (2022, February 22). Treemap: Treemap Visualization, R package Version 2.4-3; 2021. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/treemap\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Kassambara, A. (2022, February 22). ggpubr: \u2018ggplot2\u2019 Based Publication Ready Plots, R package Version 0.4.0; 2020. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/ggpubr\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.04.028","article-title":"Classification of deadlift biomechanics with wearable inertial measurement units","volume":"58","author":"Whelan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2017.1314544","article-title":"Classification of lunge biomechanics with multiple and individual inertial measurement units","volume":"16","author":"Whelan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sport. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derungs, A., Soller, S., Weish\u00e4upl, A., Bleuel, J., Berschin, G., and Amft, O. (2018, January 19\u201323). Regression-based, mistake-driven movement skill estimation in Nordic Walking using wearable inertial sensors. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom), Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOM.2018.8444576"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"27","article-title":"Classification of movement quality in a weight-shifting exercise","volume":"2148","author":"Vonstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"CEUR Workshop Proc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"dos Santos, A.D.P., Tang, L.M., Loke, L., and Martinez-Maldonado, R. (2018, January 28\u201330). You Are Off The Beat! Is Accelerometer Data Enough for Measuring Dance Rhythm?. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Movement and Computing, Genoa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/3212721.3212724"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2019.01.003","article-title":"Evaluating movement performance: What you see isn\u2019t necessarily what you get","volume":"64","author":"McAllister","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3132369","article-title":"Analysis of Movement Quality in Full-Body Physical Activities","volume":"9","author":"Niewiadomski","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Y., Huang, Z., Guo, Y., Wu, J., and Sun, Y. (2019, January 13\u201315). Kinematic Characteristics of Backhand Block in Table Tennis. Proceedings of the 2019 4th International Conference on Biomedical Signal and Image Processing (ICBIP 2019)\u2014ICBIP\u201919, Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3354031.3354034"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2017.1391324","article-title":"Triathlon transition study: Quantifying differences in running movement pattern and precision after bike-run transition","volume":"18","author":"Weich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sport. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104021","article-title":"Automated classification of movement quality using the Microsoft Kinect V2 sensor","volume":"125","author":"Dajime","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.07.024","article-title":"iKarate: Karate Kata Guidance System","volume":"175","author":"Emad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Qiu, S., Wang, Z., Li, J., and Wang, J. (2020). Canoeing Motion Tracking and Analysis via Multi-Sensors Fusion. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072110"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2021.103304","article-title":"What and how well you exercised? An efficient analysis framework for fitness actions","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, P.N., Rauterberg, F., Achenbach, P., Tregel, T., and G\u00f6bel, S. (2021, January 12\u201313). Physical Exercise Quality Assessment Using Wearable Sensors. Proceedings of the Joint International Conference on Serious Games, Virtual Event.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-88272-3_17"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simoni, L., Scarton, A., Macchi, C., Gori, F., Pasquini, G., and Pogliaghi, S. (2021). Quantitative and Qualitative Running Gait Analysis through an Innovative Video-Based Approach. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21092977"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snyder, C., Mart\u00ednez, A., Jahnel, R., Roe, J., and St\u00f6ggl, T. (2021). Connected skiing: Motion quality quantification in alpine skiing. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113779"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099437","article-title":"More real-world trials are needed to establish if web-based physical activity interventions are effective","volume":"53","author":"Vandelanotte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eitzen, I., Renberg, J., and F\u00e6revik, H. (2021). The use of wearable sensor technology to detect shock impacts in sports and occupational settings: A scoping review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21154962"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adesida, Y., Papi, E., and McGregor, A.H. (2019). Exploring the Role of Wearable Technology in Sport Kinematics and Kinetics: A Systematic Review. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071597"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kremser, W., and Mayr, S. (2022, January 30\u201331). How Sports Scientists Explain Their Choice of Wearable. Proceedings of the 9th International Performance Analysis Workshop and Conference & 5th IACSS Conference, online.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-99333-7_26"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunauer, R., Kremser, W., and St\u00f6ggl, T. (2019, January 8\u201310). From Sensor Data to Coaching in Alpine Skiing\u2013A Software Design to Facilitate Immediate Feedback in Sports. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Science in Sport, Moscow, Russia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35048-2_11"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813243","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.813243","article-title":"Breath Tools: A Synthesis of Evidence-Based Breathing Strategies to Enhance Human Running","volume":"13","author":"Harbour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/13\/4786\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:39:32Z","timestamp":1760139572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/13\/4786"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s22134786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22134786","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]}}}