{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T20:36:55Z","timestamp":1773347815886,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shandong Joint Fund project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["U2006216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2006216"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a ratiometric optical fiber dissolved oxygen sensor based on dynamic quenching of fluorescence from a ruthenium complex is reported. Tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolin) ruthenium(II) dichloride complex (Ru(dpp)32+) is used as an oxygen-sensitive dye, and semiconductor nanomaterial CdSe\/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) are used as a reference dye by mixing the two substances and coating it on the plastic optical fiber end to form a composite sensitive film. The linear relationship between the relative fluorescence intensity of the ruthenium complex and the oxygen concentration is described using the Stern\u2013Volmer equation, and the ruthenium complex doping concentration in the sol-gel film is tuned. The sensor is tested in gaseous oxygen and aqueous solution. The experimental results indicate that the measurement of dissolved oxygen has a lower sensitivity in an aqueous environment than in a gaseous environment. This is due to the uneven distribution of oxygen in aqueous solution and the low solubility of oxygen in water, which results in a small contact area between the ruthenium complex and oxygen in solution, leading to a less-severe fluorescence quenching effect than that in gaseous oxygen. In detecting dissolved oxygen, the sensor has a good linear Stern\u2013Volmer calibration plot from 0 to 18.25 mg\/L, the linearity can reach 99.62%, and the sensitivity can reach 0.0310\/[O2] unit. The salinity stability, repeatability, and temperature characteristics of the sensor are characterized. The dissolved oxygen sensor investigated in this research could be used in various marine monitoring and environmental protection applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T22:50:23Z","timestamp":1656283823000},"page":"4811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Ratiometric Optical Fiber Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Based on Fluorescence Quenching Principle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yongkun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technical Science, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technical Science, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Qingwen","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technical Science, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"School of Information Resources Management, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China"}]},{"given":"Dagong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technical Science, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Tiegen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technical Science, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6084","DOI":"10.3390\/s140406084","article-title":"Oxygen Sensing for Industrial Safety\u2014Evolution and New Approaches","volume":"14","author":"Willett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00039K","article-title":"Optical methods for sensing and imaging oxygen: Materials, spectroscopies and applications","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4271","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026370729205","article-title":"Oxygen sensors: Materials, methods, designs and applications","volume":"38","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-011-0025-4","article-title":"Review on recent developments of fluorescent oxygen and carbon dioxide optical fiber sensors","volume":"1","author":"Chu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2017.12.016","article-title":"Quasi-distributed sol-gel coated fiber optic oxygen sensing probe","volume":"41","author":"Zolkapli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10452","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2932414","article-title":"Optofluidic Dissolved Oxygen Sensing with Sensitivity Enhancement Through Multiple Reflections","volume":"19","author":"Mahoney","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0231-x","article-title":"Real-time physiological measurements of oxygen using a non-invasive self-referencing optical fiber microsensor","volume":"15","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/10739149.2020.1774776","article-title":"Sensitivity improved tapered optical fiber sensor for dissolved oxygen detection","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Instrum. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.1039\/b909635n","article-title":"Multiple fluorescent chemical sensing and imaging","volume":"39","author":"Stich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/10739149.2018.1453835","article-title":"Minreview: Recent advances in the development of gaseous and dissolved oxygen sensors","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Instrum. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2645792","article-title":"An Integrated Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic-Based Clark-Type Oxygen Sensor","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2019.460399","article-title":"A simple high-throughput headspace gas chromatographic method for the determination of dissolved oxygen in aqueous samples","volume":"1608","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2022.113455","article-title":"A review on all-optical fiber-based VOC sensors: Heading towards the development of promising technology","volume":"338","author":"Pathak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100067","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202100067","article-title":"Recent Advances in Machine Learning for Fiber Optic Sensor Applications","volume":"4","author":"Venketeswaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitoria, I., Zamarre\u00f1o, C.R., Ozcariz, A., and Matias, I.R. (2021). Fiber Optic Gas Sensors Based on Lossy Mode Resonances and Sensing Materials Used Therefor: A Comprehensive Review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030731"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shehata, N., Kandas, I., and Samir, E. (2020). In-Situ Gold-Ceria Nanoparticles: Superior Optical Fluorescence Quenching Sensor for Dissolved Oxygen. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020314"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2016.08.005","article-title":"A miniaturized oxygen sensor integrated on fiber surface based on evanescent-wave induced fluorescence quenching","volume":"179","author":"Xiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5603","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.005603","article-title":"Fiber-optic fluorescence-quenching oxygen partial pressure sensor using platinum octaethylporphyrin","volume":"55","author":"Davenport","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.04.061","article-title":"Tapered polymer optical fiber oxygen sensor based on fluorescence-quenching of an embedded fluorophore","volume":"184","author":"Pulido","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.11.044","article-title":"Dissolved oxygen sensor based on fluorescence quenching of oxygen-sensitive ruthenium complex immobilized on silica\u2013Ni\u2013P composite coating","volume":"117","author":"Xiong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.10.042","article-title":"Layer-by-Layer assembly of a water\u2013insoluble platinum complex for optical fiber oxygen sensors","volume":"207","author":"Elosua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2010.06.020","article-title":"Enhanced oxygen sensing properties of Pt(II) complex and dye entrapped core\u2013shell silica na-noparticles embedded in sol\u2013gel matrix","volume":"82","author":"Chu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2020.109772","article-title":"Development of highly sensitive [Ru(bpy)3]2+ -Based optical oxygen sensing thin films in the presence with Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@Ag NPs","volume":"101","author":"Oguzlar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1039\/b502981c","article-title":"Ratiometric fiber optic sensors for the detection of inter- and intra-cellular dissolved oxygen","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1039\/B511083A","article-title":"Nanometre-sized molecular oxygen sensors prepared from polymer stabilized phospholipid vesicles","volume":"131","author":"Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.03.035","article-title":"Application of gold quenching of luminescence to improve oxygen sensing using a ruthenium (4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)3Cl2:TEOS thin film","volume":"147","author":"Roche","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2010.11.071","article-title":"Determination of melamine in different milk batches using a novel chemosensor based on the luminescence quenching of Ru(II) carbonyl complex","volume":"84","author":"Attia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-009-2118-8","article-title":"Fiber-optic fluorescence sensor for dissolved oxygen detection based on fluorinated xerogel immobilized with ruthenium (II) complex","volume":"53","author":"Xiong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.02.024","article-title":"A critical comparison between two different ratiometric techniques for optical luminescence sensing","volume":"139","author":"Valledor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Z., Yu, X., Zhai, S., and Hao, Y. (2017). Ratiometric Dissolved Oxygen Sensors Based on Ruthenium Complex Doped with Silver Nanoparticles. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030548"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.08.071","article-title":"Optical fiber sensor for dual sensing of H2O2 and DO based on CdSe\/ZnS QDs and Ru(dpp)32+ embedded in EC matrix","volume":"255","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2015.06.019","article-title":"Ratiometric optical fiber dissolved oxygen sensor based on metalloporphyrin and CdSe quantum dots embedded in sol\u2013gel matrix","volume":"167","author":"Chu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10996","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.0c02219","article-title":"Oxazine-Functionalized CdSe\/ZnS Quantum Dots for Photochemical pH Sensing","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Lakowicz, J.R. (1999). Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Kluwer Academic\/Plenum Press. [2nd ed.]. Chapters 8 and 9."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/13\/4811\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:40:07Z","timestamp":1760139607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/13\/4811"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s22134811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22134811","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]]}}}