{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:04:32Z","timestamp":1779321872639,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0711700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0711700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52122801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52122801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11925206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11925206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51978609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51978609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LR20E080003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR20E080003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0711700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0711700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52122801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52122801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11925206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11925206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51978609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51978609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LR20E080003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR20E080003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scientists","award":["2020YFA0711700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0711700"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scientists","award":["52122801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52122801"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scientists","award":["11925206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11925206"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scientists","award":["51978609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51978609"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scientists","award":["LR20E080003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LR20E080003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Under the trend of the rapid development of the internet of things (IoT), sensing for dynamic behaviors is widely needed in many fields such as traffic management, industrial production, medical treatment, building health monitoring, etc. Due to the feature of power supply independence and excellent working performance under a low-frequency environment, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) as sensors are attracting more and more attention. In this paper, a comprehensive review focusing on the recent advance of TENGs as sensors for dynamic behaviors is conducted. The structure and material are two major factors affecting the performance of sensors. Different structure designs are proposed to make the sensor suitable for different sensing occasions and improve the working performance of the sensors. As for materials, new materials with stronger abilities to gain or lose electrons are fabricated to obtain higher surface charge density. Improving the surface roughness of material by surface engineering techniques is another strategy to improve the output performance of TENG. Based on the advancement of TENG structures and materials, plenty of applications of TENG-based sensors have been developed such as city traffic management, human\u2013computer interaction, health monitoring of infrastructure, etc. It is believed that TENG-based sensors will be gradually commercialized and become the mainstream sensors for dynamic sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T22:50:23Z","timestamp":1656283823000},"page":"4837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Recent Progress in Sensing Technology Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators in Dynamic Behaviors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1095-4951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linjie","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2168-0503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"He","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou 310061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiqing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University City College, 51 Huzhou Street, Hangzhou 310015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianglong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou 310061, China"},{"name":"The Architectural Design & Research Institute of Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou 310061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312053","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/312053","article-title":"Plastic Optical Fibre Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring: A Review of Recent Progress","volume":"2009","author":"Kuang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/14\/6\/305","article-title":"The use of plastic optical fibre sensors for monitoring the dynamic response of fibre composite beams","volume":"14","author":"Kuang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/17\/5\/S37","article-title":"Plastic optical fibre with structural imperfections as a displacement sensor","volume":"17","author":"Babchenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/13\/10\/303","article-title":"An evaluation of a novel plastic optical fibre sensor for axial strain and bend measurements","volume":"13","author":"Kuang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1532","article-title":"Feasibility of displacement monitoring using low-cost GPS receivers","volume":"20","author":"Jo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Struct. Control. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0267-7261(00)00094-4","article-title":"GPS in dynamic monitoring of long-period structures","volume":"20","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s11803-009-9058-8","article-title":"Engineering vibration monitoring by GPS: Long duration records","volume":"8","author":"Casciati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:8(1242)","article-title":"Experimental verification and full-scale deployment of global positioning systems to monitor the dynamic response of tall buildings","volume":"132","author":"Kareem","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, T., Huang, K., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., and Zhou, Y. (2020). Detection of Moving Load on Pavement Using Piezoelectric Sensors. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082366"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2020.115754","article-title":"Identification of a moving mass on a beam bridge using piezoelectric sensor arrays","volume":"491","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011008","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4038426","article-title":"Identification of Static Loading Conditions Using Piezoelectric Sensor Arrays","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2022.115638","article-title":"Bioinspired omnidirectional piezoelectric energy harvester with autonomous direction regulation by hovering vibrational stabilization","volume":"261","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2022.112143","article-title":"Energy harvesting performance of a full-pressure piezoelectric transducer applied in pavement structures","volume":"266","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.105177","article-title":"Origami-tessellation-based triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting with application in road pavement","volume":"78","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.111806","article-title":"A novel rhombic-shaped paper-based triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting energy from environmental vibration","volume":"302","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. A Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04021006","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000751","article-title":"Sponge-Supported Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy Harvesting from Rail Vibration","volume":"147","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Energy Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.119949","article-title":"High performance of multi-layered triboelectric nanogenerators for mechanical energy harvesting","volume":"222","author":"Yar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.04.057","article-title":"A theoretical approach for optimizing sliding-mode triboelectric nanogenerator based on multi-parameter analysis","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106762","article-title":"Theoretical model and optimal output of a cylindrical triboelectric nanogenerator","volume":"92","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.02.036","article-title":"Self-powered triboelectric nano vibration accelerometer based wireless sensor system for railway state health monitoring","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-019-3187-4","article-title":"A Portable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Real-Time Respiration Monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b17585","article-title":"Flexible Single-Electrode Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Body Moving Sensor Based on Porous Na2CO3\/Polydimethylsiloxane Film","volume":"10","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12004","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5054365","article-title":"Quantitative Measurements of Vibration Amplitude Using a Contact-Mode Freestanding Triboelectric Nanogenerator","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.11.043","article-title":"A full-packaged rolling triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator for energy harvesting and building up self-powered wireless systems","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3557","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-017-1567-6","article-title":"Self-powered pressure sensor for ultra-wide range pressure detection","volume":"10","author":"Parida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.11.075","article-title":"A self-powered 3D activity inertial sensor using hybrid sensing mechanisms","volume":"56","author":"Koh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6032","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA00248C","article-title":"A coaxial triboelectric nanogenerator fiber for energy harvesting and sensing under deformation","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C., Fan, C., and Wen, G. (2019). Self-Powered Speed Sensor for Turbodrills Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19224889"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4370","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201600279","article-title":"Lightweight Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy Harvesting and Sensing Tiny Mechanical Motion","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.11.056","article-title":"A self-powered acceleration sensor with flexible materials based on triboelectric effect","volume":"31","author":"Xiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Win Zaw, N.Y., Roh, H., Kim, I., Goh, T.S., and Kim, D. (2020). Omnidirectional Triboelectric Nanogenerator Operated by Weak Wind towards a Self-Powered Anemoscope. Micromachines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11040414"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6094","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201302397","article-title":"Harmonic-Resonator-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator as a Sustainable Power Source and a Self-Powered Active Vibration Sensor","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201304619","article-title":"Nanometer Resolution Self-Powered Static and Dynamic Motion Sensor Based on Micro-Grated Triboelectrification","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Huang, K.X., Zhou, Y.H., Sun, L.F., Zhang, Z.C., and Luo, J.K. (2022). A real-time sensing system based on triboelectric nanogenerator for dynamic response of bridges. Sci. China Technol. Sci.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-022-2092-x"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.106926","article-title":"Highly-stretchable rope-like triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered monitoring in marine structures","volume":"94","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800219","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201800219","article-title":"A Self-Powered Smart Roller-Bearing Based on a Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Measurement of Rotation Movement","volume":"3","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106757","article-title":"Triboelectric sensor array for internet of things based smart traffic monitoring and management system","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3660","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b17723","article-title":"Noncontact Heartbeat and Respiration Monitoring Based on a Hollow Microstructured Self-Powered Pressure Sensor","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.103885","article-title":"All-printed 3D hierarchically structured cellulose aerogel based triboelectric nanogenerator for multi-functional sensors","volume":"63","author":"Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.12.004","article-title":"Core-shell nanofiber mats for tactile pressure sensor and nanogenerator applications","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.11.026","article-title":"Dynamics of a threshold shock sensor: Combining bi-stability and triboelectricity","volume":"285","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. A Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-021-0429-z","article-title":"A highly reliable contact-separation based triboelectric nanogenerator for scavenging bio-mechanical energy and self-powered electronics","volume":"35","author":"Vivekananthan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17184","DOI":"10.1021\/am504919w","article-title":"Airflow-Induced Triboelectric Nanogenerator as a Self-Powered Sensor for Detecting Humidity and Airflow Rate","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., He, M., Weng, B., Gan, L., Zhao, Y., Li, N., and Xie, Y. (2018). Stretchable and Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Kinesio Tape for Self-Powered Human Motion Sensing. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8090657"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, S., Weber, J., Chang, S., Xiao, G., Lu, J., Gao, J., Jiang, W., Zhang, Y., and Tao, Y. (2022). A Low-Cost Simple Sliding Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting Energy from Human Activities. Adv. Mater. Technol., 2200186.","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202200186"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803684","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201803684","article-title":"A Wrinkled PEDOT:PSS Film Based Stretchable and Transparent Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Wearable Energy Harvesters and Active Motion Sensors","volume":"28","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800021","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201800021","article-title":"A Stretchable, Flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Real-Time Motion Monitoring","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3332","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201303799","article-title":"Theoretical Investigation and Structural Optimization of Single-Electrode Triboelectric Nanogenerators","volume":"24","author":"Niu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2015.01.013","article-title":"Theory of freestanding triboelectric-layer-based nanogenerators","volume":"12","author":"Niu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16548","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA04443K","article-title":"A flexible comb electrode triboelectric\u2013electret nanogenerator with separated microfibers for a self-powered position, motion direction and acceleration tracking sensor","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800189","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201800189","article-title":"Interdigitated Electrode-Based Triboelectric Sliding Sensor for Security Monitoring","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1021\/am405637s","article-title":"Noncontact Free-Rotating Disk Triboelectric Nanogenerator as a Sustainable Energy Harvester and Self-Powered Mechanical Sensor","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700565","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201700565","article-title":"A Self-Powered Dynamic Displacement Monitoring System Based on Triboelectric Accelerometer","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9433","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b04654","article-title":"An Ultra-Low-Friction Triboelectric\u2013Electromagnetic Hybrid Nanogenerator for Rotation Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Wind Speed Sensor","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19573","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b07162","article-title":"A Shared-Electrode-Based Hybridized Electromagnetic-Triboelectric Nanogenerator","volume":"8","author":"Quan","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705808","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201705808","article-title":"Complementary Electromagnetic-Triboelectric Active Sensor for Detecting Multiple Mechanical Triggering","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.06.012","article-title":"The d-arched piezoelectric-triboelectric hybrid nanogenerator as a self-powered vibration sensor","volume":"263","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. A Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C., Huang, H., Li, R., and Fan, C. (2020). Research on the Potential of Spherical Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Collecting Vibration Energy and Measuring Vibration. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041063"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701300","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201701300","article-title":"Self-Powered Gyroscope Ball Using a Triboelectric Mechanism","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201302453","article-title":"Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting Vibration Energy in Full Space and as Self-Powered Acceleration Sensor","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12030","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1052\/1\/012030","article-title":"Self-Powered Triboelectric Inertial Sensor Ball for IoT and Wearable Applications","volume":"1052","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys.-Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Q., Wang, H., He, T., and Lee, C. (2018, January 22\u201326). Triboelectric balls as three-dimensional vibrational energy harvesters and self-powered sensors. Proceedings of the International Conference on Nano-Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems NEMS 2018, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/NEMS.2018.8556936"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35153","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35153","article-title":"Stretchable Triboelectric Fiber for Self-powered Kinematic Sensing Textile","volume":"6","author":"Sim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604378","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201604378","article-title":"A Highly Stretchable Fiber-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Wearable Electronics","volume":"27","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85401","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/27\/8\/085401","article-title":"A ball-bearing structured triboelectric nanogenerator for nondestructive damage and rotating speed measurement","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3954","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b01532","article-title":"Self-Powered Wind Sensor System for Detecting Wind Speed and Direction Based on a Triboelectric Nanogenerator","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6273","DOI":"10.1021\/nn501732z","article-title":"Fiber-Based Generator for Wearable Electronics and Mobile Medication","volume":"8","author":"Zhong","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10674","DOI":"10.1021\/nn504243j","article-title":"3D Fiber-Based Hybrid Nanogenerator for Energy Harvesting and as a Self-Powered Pressure Sensor","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8376","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9376","article-title":"Standards and figure-of-merits for quantifying the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators","volume":"6","author":"Zi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09461-x","article-title":"Quantifying the triboelectric series","volume":"10","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7440","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b03818","article-title":"Self-Powered Acceleration Sensor Based on Liquid Metal Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Vibration Monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14005","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201814814005","article-title":"Triboelectric nanogenerator as self-powered impact sensor","volume":"148","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-019-9446-1","article-title":"Flexible PDMS-based triboelectric nanogenerator for instantaneous force sensing and human joint movement monitoring","volume":"62","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. China Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2019.10.016","article-title":"Triboelectric nanogenerator as self-powered impact force sensor for falling object","volume":"20","author":"Aminullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.12.022","article-title":"Triboelectric nanogenerators as self-powered acceleration sensor under high-g impact","volume":"45","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.03.027","article-title":"Stretchable 3D polymer for simultaneously mechanical energy harvesting and biomimetic force sensing","volume":"47","author":"Bian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1021\/nl300988z","article-title":"Transparent Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Pressure Sensors Based on Micropatterned Plastic Films","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.05.013","article-title":"Sustainable oscillating triboelectric nanogenerator as omnidirectional self-powered impact sensor","volume":"50","author":"Heo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201403828","article-title":"A Self-Powered Angle Measurement Sensor Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901124","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201901124","article-title":"Multifunctional Sensor Based on Translational-Rotary Triboelectric Nanogenerator","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.05.061","article-title":"Eccentric triboelectric nanosensor for monitoring mechanical movements","volume":"62","author":"Qu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606695","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201606695","article-title":"Auxetic Foam-Based Contact-Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Highly Sensitive Self-Powered Strain Sensing Capabilities to Monitor Human Body Movement","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.104228","article-title":"A self-powered and high sensitivity acceleration sensor with V-Q-a model based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs)","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-019-0271-3","article-title":"Spiral Steel Wire Based Fiber-Shaped Stretchable and Tailorable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Wearable Power Source and Active Gesture Sensor","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2020.111231","article-title":"A novel triboelectric nanogenerator based on carbon fiber reinforced composite lamina and as a self-powered displacement sensor","volume":"224","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.01.021","article-title":"Triboelectric nanogenerator with nanostructured metal surface using water-assisted oxidation","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.03.044","article-title":"Real-time diagnosis of small energy impacts using a triboelectric nanosensor","volume":"291","author":"Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensor. Actuat. A Phys."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.05.046","article-title":"Self-powered pressure sensor based on the triboelectric effect and its analysis using dynamic mechanical analysis","volume":"50","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7842","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR01934B","article-title":"An electrospun nanowire-based triboelectric nanogenerator and its application in a fully self-powered UV detector","volume":"6","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32649","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b12798","article-title":"Self-Powered, Wireless, Remote Meteorologic Monitoring Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator Operated by Scavenging Wind Energy","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2018.02.020","article-title":"A flexible multi-layer electret nanogenerator for bending deformation energy harvesting and strain sensing","volume":"102","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7342","DOI":"10.1021\/nn403021m","article-title":"Single-Electrode-Based Sliding Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Displacement Vector Sensor System","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5059","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201400431","article-title":"Triboelectric Nanogenerators as a Self-Powered Motion Tracking System","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2017.01.031","article-title":"Magnetically levitated-triboelectric nanogenerator as a self-powered vibration monitoring sensor","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8097","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b04344","article-title":"Nanopillar Arrayed Triboelectric Nanogenerator as a Self-Powered Sensitive Sensor for a Sleep Monitoring System","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6594","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201302453","article-title":"A Single-Electrode Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator as Self-Powered Tracking System","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34251","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b12195","article-title":"Self-Powered Inhomogeneous Strain Sensor Enabled Joint Motion and Three-Dimensional Muscle Sensing","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11566","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b06480","article-title":"Flexible Organic Tribotronic Transistor for Pressure and Magnetic Sensing","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17024329","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201702432","article-title":"A Soft and Robust Spring Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting Arbitrary Directional Vibration Energy and Self-Powered Vibration Sensing","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, X., Zhang, Q., Yu, J., Song, J., Li, Z., Cui, H., He, J., Chou, X., and Mu, J. (2021). Self-Powered Acceleration Sensor Based on Multilayer Suspension Structure and TPU-RTV Film for Vibration Monitoring. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11102763"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100802","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202100802","article-title":"Magnetic Levitation Type Double Helix Self-Powered Acceleration Sensor Based on ZnO-RTV Film","volume":"7","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8031","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9031","article-title":"Self-powered thin-film motion vector sensor","volume":"6","author":"Jing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.104703","article-title":"Non-contact and liquid\u2013liquid interfacing triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered water\/liquid level sensing","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7092","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01827","article-title":"Self-Powered Sensor for Quantifying Ocean Surface Water Waves Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b10142","article-title":"A Fully Self-Powered Vibration Monitoring System Driven by Dual-Mode Triboelectric Nanogenerators","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7488","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201402703","article-title":"Self-Powered Trajectory, Velocity, and Acceleration Tracking of a Moving Object\/Body using a Triboelectric Sensor","volume":"24","author":"Yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2014.07.025","article-title":"Self-powered velocity and trajectory tracking sensor array made of planar triboelectric nanogenerator pixels","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002547","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202002547","article-title":"A Motion Vector Sensor via Direct-Current Triboelectric Nanogenerator","volume":"30","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.105857","article-title":"A self-powered multi-functional sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerator for monitoring states of rotating motion","volume":"83","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106747","article-title":"A high-speed and long-life triboelectric sensor with charge supplement for monitoring the speed and skidding of rolling bearing","volume":"92","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1021\/nn406565k","article-title":"Simultaneously Harvesting Electrostatic and Mechanical Energies from Flowing Water by a Hybridized Triboelectric Nanogenerator","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Wang, Z., Shu, S., and Tang, W. (2021). A Self-Powered Vector Angle\/Displacement Sensor Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12030231"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106320","article-title":"A stretchable self-powered triboelectric tactile sensor with EGaIn alloy electrode for ultra-low-pressure detection","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385403","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ac0c3f","article-title":"Soft and transparent triboelectric nanogenerator based E-skin for wearable energy harvesting and pressure sensing","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106689","article-title":"Highly sensitive self-powered pressure and strain sensor based on crumpled MXene film for wireless human motion detection","volume":"92","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"247","article-title":"Stretchable and skin-conformal piezo-triboelectric pressure sensor for human joint bending motion monitoring","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5450","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-022-4152-6","article-title":"Waterbomb-origami inspired triboelectric nanogenerator for smart pavement-integrated traffic monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800066","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201800066","article-title":"Stretchable Triboelectric-Photonic Smart Skin for Tactile and Gesture Sensing","volume":"30","author":"Bu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.123","article-title":"Surface-microstructured cellulose films toward sensitive pressure sensors and efficient triboelectric nanogenerators","volume":"208","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/13\/4837\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:38:45Z","timestamp":1760139525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/13\/4837"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s22134837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22134837","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]}}}