{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:16:22Z","timestamp":1784139382022,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1603500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1603500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31772062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31772062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1603500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1603500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31772062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31772062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To study the dynamic changes of nutrient consumption and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) accumulation in peanut kernels with fungal colonization, macro hyperspectral imaging technology combined with microscopic imaging was investigated. First, regression models to predict AFB1 contents from hyperspectral data ranging from 1000 to 2500 nm were developed and the results were compared before and after data normalization with Box-Cox transformation. The results indicated that the second-order derivative with a support vector regression (SVR) model using competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) achieved the best performance, with RC2 = 0.95 and RV2 = 0.93. Second, time-lapse microscopic images and spectroscopic data were captured and analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and synchrotron radiation-Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy. The time-lapse data revealed the temporal patterns of nutrient loss and aflatoxin accumulation in peanut kernels. The combination of macro and micro imaging technologies proved to be an effective way to detect the interaction mechanism of toxigenic fungus infecting peanuts and to predict the accumulation of AFB1 quantitatively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:07:02Z","timestamp":1656374822000},"page":"4864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Single Peanut Kernels by Combining Hyperspectral and Microscopic Imaging Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Haicheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimization Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beibei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimization Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8143-6559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Chul","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quality & Safety Assessment Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 950 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinzhi","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2747 Davis Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quality & Safety Assessment Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 950 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimization Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxin","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimization Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3847-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Optimization Design for Modern Agricultural Equipment, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.02.004","article-title":"Mould incidence and mycotoxin contamination in maize kernels from Swat Valley, North West Frontier Province of Pakistan","volume":"48","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. 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