{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:42:47Z","timestamp":1760229767467,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation Program of China","award":["61731001","SAST2020-081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61731001","SAST2020-081"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019082","name":"Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61731001","SAST2020-081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61731001","SAST2020-081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019082","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Six-port technology has been widely used in microwave systems, such as interferometric passive imaging. In this paper, an integrated Ka-band (32\u201336 GHz) six-port chip based on the 0.15-\u03bcm GaAs technology is designed and fabricated to simplify the circuit structure and miniaturize the volume of the imaging system. The designed chip integrates two amplifiers, two phase shifters, and a six-port circuit as part of an analog complex correlator. In this integrated chip, the crosstalk between the two amplifiers cannot be ignored. This paper analyzes the influence of the isolation between two amplifiers on the correlation results to guide the six-port chip design. In addition, considering that the radiometer system receives a broadband noise signal, the phase shifter needs to ensure that the phase shift range of each frequency point is the same under the same control conditions. Therefore, the phase shifter is designed with a high-pass and low-pass structure. The measurement results show that the isolation between the two amplifiers is greater than 20 dB, and the measured phase shift range and phase shift range error of the designed chip are 220\u00b0 and 10\u00b0, respectively, with the control voltage varying from 0 to 1.5 V, which meets the requirements of the system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T01:48:38Z","timestamp":1656467318000},"page":"4877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Ka-Band Integrated Six-Port Chip for Analog Complex Correlator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Wangdong","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0204-9185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Jianhao","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Anyong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Jungang","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.1977.1129277","article-title":"The Six-Port Reflectometer: An Alternative Network Analyzer","volume":"25","author":"Engen","year":"1977","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Engen, G.F. (1978, January 27\u201329). An Overview of the Six-Port Measurement Technique. Proceedings of the IEEE-MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Ottawa, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.1972.4314068","article-title":"The Six-Port Coupler: A New Approach to Measuring Voltage, Current, Power, Impedance, and Phase","volume":"21","author":"Hoer","year":"1972","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Fadhel, G., and Abbas, M. (2009). The Six-Port Technique with Microwave and Wireless Applications, Artech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4814","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2718659","article-title":"Portable Six-Port Reflectometer for Determining Moisture Content of Biomass Material","volume":"17","author":"Julrat","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"939","article-title":"Six-Port Reflectometer Providing Enhanced Power Distribution","volume":"64","author":"Staszek","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1109\/25.875273","article-title":"A new automobile radar based on the six-port phase\/frequency discriminator","volume":"49","author":"Huyart","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-map:20050239","article-title":"Direction-of-arrival estimation method based on six-port technology","volume":"153","author":"Tatu","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEE Proc.-Microwaves, Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinci, G., and Koelpin, A. (2016, January 24\u201327). Progress of Six-Port technology for industrial radar applications. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WISNET.2016.7444319"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2013.2247055","article-title":"Six-Port Radar Sensor for Remote Respiration Rate and Heartbeat Vital-Sign Monitoring","volume":"61","author":"Vinci","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1978.1141856","article-title":"Applications of probe-compensated near-field measurements","volume":"26","author":"Joy","year":"1978","journal-title":"IRE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-h-1.1984.0073","article-title":"New procedure for near-field measurements of microwave antennas without anechoic environments","volume":"131","author":"Pereira","year":"1984","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Antennas Iee Proc. H."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/MMW.2003.1237476","article-title":"Passive millimeter-wave imaging","volume":"4","author":"Yujiri","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Micro."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2014.2354648","article-title":"1.6 GHz Low-Power Cross-Correlator System Ena-bling Geostationary Earth Orbit Aperture Synthesis","volume":"49","author":"Ryman","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2017.2660059","article-title":"A 1.5-GHz 6.144T Correlations\/s 64 $\\times $ 64 Cross-Correlator with 128 Integrated ADCs for Real-Time Synthetic Aperture Imaging","volume":"52","author":"Bell","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-state Circuits"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1117\/12.550993","article-title":"A wideband analog correlator system for AMiBA","volume":"5498","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1109\/19.368067","article-title":"A wideband analog continuum correlator for radio astronomy","volume":"43","author":"Padin","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/716\/1\/746","article-title":"AMIBA wideband analog correlator","volume":"716","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Astrophys. J. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2300475","article-title":"A CMOS Analog Correlator-Based Painless Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor Readout Circuit","volume":"14","author":"Shenoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1109\/19.997817","article-title":"Comparison of analog continuum correlators for remote sensing and radio as-tronomy","volume":"51","author":"Koistinen","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javed, A.R., Scheytt, J.C., and Ahe, U.V.D. (2016, January 25\u201327). Linear ultra-broadband NPN-only analog correlator at 33 Gbps in 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. Proceedings of the IEEE Bipolar\/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting (BCTM), New Brunswick, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BCTM.2016.7738962"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2017.2714501","article-title":"A Compact Analog Complex Cross-Correlator for Passive Millimeter-Wave Imager","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20171207","DOI":"10.1587\/elex.15.20171207","article-title":"Error analysis of an analog correlator for polarimetry","volume":"15","author":"Seong","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEICE Electron. Express"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.1968.1049925","article-title":"A precise four-quadrant multiplier with subnanosecond response","volume":"3","author":"Gilbert","year":"1968","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashif, M., Hu, A., and Miao, J. (2016, January 12\u201316). Design and Implementation of an Analog Complex Correlator for Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging System. Proceedings of the 13th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST), Islamabad, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IBCAST.2016.7429941"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20066879","article-title":"A 6\u201312 GHz analogue lag-correlator for radio interferometry","volume":"464","author":"Holler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"351","article-title":"A New Radio Interferometer and Its Application to the Observation of Weak Radio Stars","volume":"211","author":"Ryle","year":"1952","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5673","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2019.2957894","article-title":"A GaAs Power Detector Design for $C$ -Band Wideband Complex Cross Correlation Measurement","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2018.2834513","article-title":"A Dually Polarized Six-Port Junction Based on Polarization-Selective Coupling for Polarization-Inclusive Remote Sensing","volume":"66","author":"Sakr","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160847","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3132635","article-title":"V-Band Six-Port Interferometer Receiver: High Data-Rate Wireless Applications, BER and EVM Analysis, and CFO Compensation","volume":"9","author":"Ardakani","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2020.3023223","article-title":"Multifunction, Multiband, and Multimode Wireless Receivers: A Path toward the Future","volume":"21","author":"Moghaddasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Mag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hannachi, C., and Tatu, S.O. (2015, January 25\u201328). A new compact V-band six-port receiver for high data-rate wireless applications. Proceedings of the IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WISNET.2015.7127411"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2008.2003304","article-title":"Software-Defined Six-Port Radar Technique for Precision Range Measurements","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinci, G., Barbon, F., Lindner, S., Weigel, R., and Koelpin, A. (2012, January 2\u20137). Six-port based high-resolution smart antenna alignment sensor. Proceedings of the IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications (APWC), Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/APWC.2012.6324912"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arshad, N.S.A., Ibrahim, S.Z., and Razalli, M.S. (2014, January 19\u201321). Six-port demodulator in homodyne direct conversion receiver. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Electronic Design (ICED), Penang, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICED.2014.7015858"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talebzadeh, A., and Abdipour, A. (2014, January 20\u201322). Miniaturized six-port receiver for 60 GHz communication. Proceedings of the 22nd Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), Tehran, Iran.","DOI":"10.1109\/IranianCEE.2014.6999753"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2021.3092342","article-title":"An Improved Six-Port Equivalent-Circuit Model for Millimeter-Wave On-Chip Transformers with Accurate Coupling Factor Modeling","volume":"69","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.-H., Chang, H.-Y., Wu, P.S., Lin, K.-Y., Huang, T.-W., Wang, H., and Chen, C.H. (2007, January 11\u201315). A 60 GHz Low-Power Six-Port Transceiver for Gigabit Software-Defined Transceiver Applications. Proceedings of the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2007.373359"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laemmle, B., Schmalz, K., Borngraeber, J., Scheytt, J.C., Weigel, R., Koelpin, A., and Kissinger, D. (2013, January 21\u201323). A fully integrated 120-GHz six-port receiver frontend in a 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. Proceedings of the IEEE 13th Topical Meeting on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SiRF.2013.6489455"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voelkel, M., Hirsch, H., Dietz, M., Weigel, R., Hagelauer, A., and Kissinger, D. (2017, January 8\u201310). A Low-Power 120-GHz integrated six-port receiver front-end with digital adjustable gain in a 130-nm bicmos technology. Proceedings of the IEEE Bipolar\/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting (BCTM), Nuremberg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/BCTM.2017.8112916"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vakalis, S., and Nanzer, J.A. (2021, January 11\u201313). Towards Three-Dimensional Active Incoherent Millimeter-Wave Imaging. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Autonomous Systems (ICAS), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAS49788.2021.9551121"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3804","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2020.2986413","article-title":"Experimental Demonstration and Calibration of a 16-Element Active Incoherent Millimeter-Wave Imaging Array","volume":"68","author":"Vakalis","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Skou, N. (1989). Microwave Radiometer Systems: Design and Analysis, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X., Asif, M., Hu, A., Li, Z., and Miao, J. (2019). A 1-GHz 64-Channel Cross-Correlation System for Real-Time Interferometric Aperture Synthesis Imaging. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071739"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Ye, X., Chen, X., Xin, X., Liang, B., Li, Z., Hu, A., and Miao, J. (2018, January 1\u20134). A 3.5-8 GHz Analog Complex Cross-Correlator for Interferometric Passive Millimeter-Wave Security Imaging Systems. Proceedings of the 2018 Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS-Toyama), Toyama, Japan.","DOI":"10.23919\/PIERS.2018.8597723"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Xin, X., Liang, B., Li, Z., and Miao, J. (2018). Quadrature Errors and DC Offsets Calibration of Analog Complex Cross-Correlator for Interferometric Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Applications. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020677"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106441","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3100102","article-title":"Calibration of Visibility Samples for Real-Time Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1029\/RS017i002p00357","article-title":"Frequency response of a synthesis array: Performance limitations and design tolerances","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dilshad, U., Chen, C., Altaf, A., and Miao, J. (2019, January 19\u201322). An Ultra-Broadband K\/Ka-Band (17-40 GHz) LNA MMIC in 0.15\u00b5m GaAs pHEMT. Proceedings of the International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT), Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMMT45702.2019.8992287"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carneiro, M.L., Le Roy, M., P\u00c3l\u2019rennec, A., Lababidi, R., Ferrari, P., and Puyal, V. (2019, January 18\u201321). Compact Analog All-Pass Phase-Shifter in 65-nm CMOS for 24\/28 GHz on-Chip- and in-Package Phased-Array Antenna. Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd Workshop on Signal and Power Integrity (SPI), Chamb\u00e9ry, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/SaPIW.2019.8781643"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209055","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3038153","article-title":"A Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Based Analogue Phase Shifter for High-Frequency Applications","volume":"8","author":"Pasadas","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2005.860896","article-title":"New miniature 15\u201320-GHz continuous-phase\/amplitude control MMICs using 0.18-\u03bcm CMOS technology","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2003.809670","article-title":"Varactor-loaded transmission-line phase shifter at C -band using lumped elements","volume":"51","author":"Ellinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J.-C., Kao, J.-C., Kuo, J.-J., Kao, K.-Y., and Lin, K.-Y. (2011, January 5\u201310). A 60-GHz single-ended-to-differential vector sum phase shifter in CMOS for phased-array receiver. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2011.5973194"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbar, F., and Mortazawi, A. (2018, January 10\u201315). A New Integrated K-Band Analog Vector Sum Phase Shifter. Proceedings of the IEEE\/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium\u2014IMS, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2018.8439362"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/13\/4877\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:39:52Z","timestamp":1760139592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/13\/4877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s22134877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22134877","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]}}}