{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:14:37Z","timestamp":1783340077087,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["818087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["818087"]}]},{"name":"Rotterdam-The Hague Metropolitan Region","award":["818087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["818087"]}]},{"name":"Province of South Holland","award":["818087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["818087"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy","award":["818087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["818087"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective task scheduling in human-robot collaboration (HRC) scenarios is one of the great challenges of collaborative robotics. The shared workspace inside an industrial setting brings a lot of uncertainties that cannot be foreseen. A prior offline task scheduling strategy is ineffective in dealing with these uncertainties. In this paper, a novel online framework to achieve a resilient and reliable task schedule is presented. The framework can deal with deviations that occur during operation, different operator skills, error by the human or robot, and substitution of actors, while maintaining an efficient schedule by promoting parallel human-robot work. First, the collaborative job and the possible deviations are represented by AND\/OR graphs. Subsequently, the proposed architecture chooses the most suitable path to improve the collaboration. If some failures occur, the AND\/OR graph is adapted locally, allowing the collaboration to be completed. The framework is validated in an industrial assembly scenario with a Franka Emika Panda collaborative robot.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T22:43:28Z","timestamp":1656542608000},"page":"4901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["A Resilient and Effective Task Scheduling Approach for Industrial Human-Robot Collaboration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1861-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Pupa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research\u2014TNO, 2316 ZL Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Sciences and Methods of Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5735-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wietse","family":"Van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research\u2014TNO, 2316 ZL Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiaan","family":"Brekelmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research\u2014TNO, 2316 ZL Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2098-0099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Secchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences and Methods of Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2018.02.009","article-title":"Survey on human\u2014Robot collaboration in industrial settings: Safety, intuitive interfaces and applications","volume":"55","author":"Villani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mechatronics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2018.2822058","article-title":"The impact of robotics and automation on working conditions and employment","volume":"25","author":"Pham","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. 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