{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:45:57Z","timestamp":1760229957774,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFB1309400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB1309400"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuous passive motion (CPM) machines are commonly used after various knee surgeries, but information on tibiofemoral forces (TFFs) during CPM cycles is limited. This study aimed to explore the changing trend of TFFs during CPM cycles under various ranges of motion (ROM) and body weights (BW) by establishing a two-dimensional mathematical model. TFFs were estimated by using joint angles, foot load, and leg\u2013foot weight. Eleven healthy male participants were tested with ROM ranging from 0\u00b0 to 120\u00b0. The values of the peak TFFs during knee flexion were higher than those during knee extension, varying nonlinearly with ROM. BW had a significant main effect on the peak TFFs and tibiofemoral shear forces, while ROM had a limited effect on the peak TFFs. No significant interaction effects were observed between BW and ROM for each peak TFF, whereas a strong linear correlation existed between the peak tibiofemoral compressive forces (TFCFs) and the peak resultant TFFs (R2 = 0.971, p &lt; 0.01). The proposed method showed promise in serving as an input for optimizing rehabilitation devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T01:40:36Z","timestamp":1656639636000},"page":"4947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Estimation of Tibiofemoral Joint Contact Forces Using Foot Loads during Continuous Passive Motions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yunlong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huixuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedical Rehabilitation Centre, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junlong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9595-4322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufeng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China"},{"name":"Tianzhi Institute of Innovation and Technology, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2013.11.2036","article-title":"Continuous passive motion following cartilage surgery: Does a common protocol exist?","volume":"41","author":"Karnes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physician Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215510380835","article-title":"The effectiveness of continuous passive motion on range of motion, pain and muscle strength following rotator cuff repair: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Plessis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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