{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T09:37:35Z","timestamp":1775468255286,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Professor Jun Qin of National Key R &amp; D program of China","award":["2018YFA0605603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0605603"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alteration in Land Use\/Cover (LULC) considered a major challenge over the recent decades, as it plays an important role in diminishing biodiversity, altering the macro and microclimate. Therefore, the current study was designed to examine the past 30 years (1987\u20132017) changes in LULC and Land Surface Temperature (LST) and also simulated for next 30 years (2047). The LULC maps were developed based on maximum probability classification while the LST was retrieved from Landsat thermal bands and Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) method for the respective years. Different approaches were used, such as Weighted Evidence (WE), Cellular Automata (CA) and regression prediction model for the year 2047. Resultantly, the LULC classification showed increasing trend in built-up and bare soil classes (13 km2 and 89 km2), and the decreasing trend in vegetation class (\u2212144 km2) in the study area. In the next 30 years, the built-up and bare soil classes would further rise with same speed (25 km2 and 36.53 km2), and the vegetation class would further decline (\u2212147 km2) until 2047. Similarly for LST, the temperature range for higher classes (27 -&lt; 30 \u00b0C) increased by about 140 km2 during 1987\u20132017, which would further enlarge (409 km2) until 2047. The lower LST range (15 \u00b0C to &lt;21 \u00b0C) showed a decreasing trend (\u221254.94 km2) and would further decline to (\u221220 km2) until 2047 if it remained at the same speed. Prospective findings will be helpful for land use planners, climatologists and other scientists in reducing the increasing LST associated with LULC changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T01:40:36Z","timestamp":1656639636000},"page":"4965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Modelling of Land Use\/Cover and LST Variations by Using GIS and Remote Sensing: A Case Study of the Northern Pakhtunkhwa Mountainous Region, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Akhtar","family":"Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sedra","family":"Shafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Information Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6517-8342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Sadiq","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siddique","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazir Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak 27200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Faheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2002)052[0883:UBAC]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation the impacts of urbanization on native species are poorly studied, but educating a highly urbanized human population about these impacts can greatly improve species conservation in all ecosystems","volume":"52","author":"Mckinney","year":"2002","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"243","article-title":"Assessing the Impact of Urbanization on Urban Thermal Environment: A Case Study of Bangkok Metropolitan","volume":"2","author":"Srivanit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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