{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:29:05Z","timestamp":1772119745973,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Computer Science"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current methods of measuring heart rate (HR) and oxygen levels (SPO2) require physical contact, are individualised, and for accurate oxygen levels may also require a blood test. No-touch or non-invasive technologies are not currently commercially available for use in healthcare settings. To date, there has been no assessment of a system that measures HR and SPO2 using commercial off-the-shelf camera technology that utilises R, G, B, and IR data. Moreover, no formal remote photoplethysmography studies have been performed in real-life scenarios with participants at home with different demographic characteristics. This novel study addresses all these objectives by developing, optimising, and evaluating a system that measures the HR and SPO2 of 40 participants. HR and SPO2 are determined by measuring the frequencies from different wavelength band regions using FFT and radiometric measurements after pre-processing face regions of interest (forehead, lips, and cheeks) from colour, IR, and depth data. Detrending, interpolating, hamming, and normalising the signal with FastICA produced the lowest RMSE of 7.8 for HR with the r-correlation value of 0.85 and RMSE 2.3 for SPO2. This novel system could be used in several critical care settings, including in care homes and in hospitals and prompt clinical intervention as required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T01:40:36Z","timestamp":1656639636000},"page":"4974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Automated Remote Pulse Oximetry System (ARPOS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8788-4678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pireh","family":"Pirzada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5502-9773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3494-5857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gayle","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6084-119X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devesh","family":"Dhasmana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Victoria Hospital, NHS Fife, Hayfield Road, Kirkcaldy KY2 5AH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0740-3668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Harris-Birtill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2015.2414661","article-title":"Ambient and unobtrusive cardiorespiratory monitoring techniques","volume":"8","author":"Antink","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. 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