{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T13:06:18Z","timestamp":1781701578362,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]],"date-time":"2022-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007835","name":"Rector of the Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09\/010\/RGJ22\/0068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/010\/RGJ22\/0068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cloud providers create a vendor-locked-in environment by offering proprietary and non-standard APIs, resulting in a lack of interoperability and portability among clouds. To overcome this deterrent, solutions must be developed to exploit multiple clouds efficaciously. This paper proposes a middleware platform to mitigate the application portability issue among clouds. A literature review is also conducted to analyze the solutions for application portability. The middleware allows an application to be ported on various platform-as-a-service (PaaS) clouds and supports deploying different services of an application on disparate clouds. The efficiency of the abstraction layer is validated by experimentation on an application that uses the message queue, Binary Large Objects (BLOB), email, and short message service (SMS) services of various clouds via the proposed middleware against the same application using these services via their native code. The experimental results show that adding this middleware mildly affects the latency, but it dramatically reduces the developer\u2019s overhead of implementing each service for different clouds to make it portable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22135013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T23:38:55Z","timestamp":1656977935000},"page":"5013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Efficient Middleware for the Portability of PaaS Services Consuming Applications among Heterogeneous Clouds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2282-0419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salil","family":"Bharany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiranbir","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit","family":"Badotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar 144001, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8474-9435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shalli","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5422-1659","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Kavita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Engineering Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-5347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6859-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Shafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Arts and Science, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Wadi Ad-Dawasir 11991, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5206-272X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Fazal","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"248","article-title":"An overview of cloud portability","volume":"Volume 159","author":"Kostoska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Access Enablers of Ubiquitous and Intelligent Infrastructures, Proceedings of the FABULOUS 2015, Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, 23\u201325 September 2015"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10723-013-9290-3","article-title":"Consuming Resources and Services from Multiple Clouds: From Terminology to Cloudware Support","volume":"12","author":"Petcu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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