{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T21:40:32Z","timestamp":1777326032696,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"First Haute-Ecole program","award":["1610401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610401"]}]},{"name":"First Haute-Ecole program","award":["4.7.360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4.7.360"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["1610401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1610401"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["4.7.360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4.7.360"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, the better assessment of low back pain (LBP) is an important challenge, as it is the leading musculoskeletal condition worldwide in terms of years of disability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relevance of various machine learning (ML) algorithms and Sample Entropy (SampEn), which assesses the complexity of motion variability in identifying the condition of low back pain. Twenty chronic low-back pain (CLBP) patients and 20 healthy non-LBP participants performed 1-min repetitive bending (flexion) and return (extension) trunk movements. Analysis was performed using the time series recorded by three inertial sensors attached to the participants. It was found that SampEn was significantly lower in CLBP patients, indicating a loss of movement complexity due to LBP. Gaussian Naive Bayes ML proved to be the best of the various tested algorithms, achieving 79% accuracy in identifying CLBP patients. Angular velocity of flexion movement was the most discriminative feature in the ML analysis. This study demonstrated that: supervised ML and a complexity assessment of trunk movement variability are useful in the identification of CLBP condition, and that simple kinematic indicators are sensitive to this condition. Therefore, ML could be progressively adopted by clinicians in the assessment of CLBP patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22135027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T23:38:55Z","timestamp":1656977935000},"page":"5027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Machine Learning Identifies Chronic Low Back Pain Patients from an Instrumented Trunk Bending and Return Test"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3948-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Thiry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAMIH, CNRS, UMR 8201, Universit\u00e9 Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 59313 Valenciennes, France"},{"name":"CHU Lille, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, 59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"CeREF Technique, Chauss\u00e9e de Binche 159, 7000 Mons, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Houry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche FoRS, Haute-Ecole de Namur-Li\u00e8ge-Luxembourg (Henallux), Rue Victor Libert 36H, 6900 Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Philippe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche FoRS, Haute-Ecole de Namur-Li\u00e8ge-Luxembourg (Henallux), Rue Victor Libert 36H, 6900 Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9809-9552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Nocent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PSMS, Universit\u00e9 de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51867 Reims, France"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Buisseret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeREF Technique, Chauss\u00e9e de Binche 159, 7000 Mons, Belgium"},{"name":"Service de Physique Nucl\u00e9aire et Subnucl\u00e9aire, UMONS Research Institute for Complex Systems, Universit\u00e9 de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Dierick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeREF Technique, Chauss\u00e9e de Binche 159, 7000 Mons, Belgium"},{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9\u00e9ducation Fonctionnelle et de R\u00e9adaptation\u2013Rehazenter, Laboratoire d\u2019Analyse du Mouvement et de la Posture (LAMP), Rue Andr\u00e9 V\u00e9sale 1, 2674 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Motricit\u00e9, UCLouvain, Place Pierre de Coubertin 1, 1348 Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Rim","family":"Slama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LINEACT Laboratory, CESI Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Bertucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PSMS, Universit\u00e9 de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51867 Reims, France"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Th\u00e9venon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Lille, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, 59000 Lille, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2059-884X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Simoneau-Buessinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAMIH, CNRS, UMR 8201, Universit\u00e9 Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 59313 Valenciennes, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global Burden of 369 Diseases and Injuries in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pzab274","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab274","article-title":"The Relationship Between Pain-Related Threat and Motor Behavior in Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"102","author":"Ippersiel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. 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