{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T02:57:09Z","timestamp":1782183429763,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61871098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61871098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a typical acoustic transducer that undergoes a frequency shift due to changes in the mass of its surface. Its high sensitivity, robustness, small size design, and digital output have led to its widespread development for application in the fields of chemistry, physics, biology, medicine, and surface science. Mass sensitivity is one of the vital parameters and forms the basis for quantitative analysis using QCMs. This review firstly introduces the importance, definition, calculation, and measuring method of the mass sensitivity and then focuses on reviewing the influence of electrode parameters (including electrode shape, electrode diameter, electrode thickness, electrode material, etc.) on the mass sensitivity distribution of QCMs. Finally, the effect of the operating frequency on the mass sensitivity of QCMs is also analyzed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T22:11:47Z","timestamp":1657231907000},"page":"5112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Advances in the Mass Sensitivity Distribution of Quartz Crystal Microbalances: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Xianhe","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2022-4680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9967-1757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10743","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS00629K","article-title":"From bulk to interface: Electrochemical phenomena and mechanism studies in batteries via electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance","volume":"50","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01337937","article-title":"Verwendung von Schwingquarzen zur W\u00e4gung d\u00fcnner Schichten und zur Mikrow\u00e4gung","volume":"155","author":"Sauerbrey","year":"1959","journal-title":"Z. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1081\/AL-200056171","article-title":"From quartz crystal microbalance to fundamental principles of mass measurements","volume":"38","author":"Mecea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22450","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3109446","article-title":"Ringed Electrode Configuration Enhances the Sensitivity of QCM Humidity Sensor Based on Lignin Through Fringing Field Effect","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(00)00391-5","article-title":"Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) used as humidity sensor","volume":"84","author":"Sorli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fauzi, F., Rianjanu, A., Santoso, I., and Triyana, K. (2021). Gas and humidity sensing with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) coated with graphene-based materials\u2014A mini review. Sens. Actuators A Phys., 330.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2021.112837"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Yao, Y., Huang, X.-h., Liu, D., and Mao, K.-l. (2021). Simulation analysis and experimental verification for sensitivity of IDE-QCM humidity sensors. Sens. Actuators B Chem., 341.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.129992"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(85)85005-2","article-title":"Experimental aspects of use of the quartz crystal microbalance in solution","volume":"30","author":"Bruckenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., and Prajesh, R. (2022). The potential of acoustic wave devices for gas sensing applications. Sens. Actuators A Phys., 339.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2022.113498"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, S., Ye, P., Chen, C., Zhang, J., Xu, L., and Tan, F. (2022). Comparing of Frequency Shift and Impedance Analysis Method Based on QCM Sensor for Measuring the Blood Viscosity. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103804"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Stephens, J.B., and Lave, E.G. (1975). Quartz Crystal Microbalances to Measure Wind Velocity and Air Humidity, NASA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, C., and Czanderna, A.W. (1984). Applications of Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Microbalances, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-42277-4.50007-7"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)82721-X","article-title":"The oscillation frequency of a quartz resonator in contact with liquid","volume":"175","author":"Kanazawa","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00285a062","article-title":"Frequency of a quartz microbalance in contact with liquid","volume":"57","author":"Kanazawa","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1063\/1.342771","article-title":"Flow profile above a quartz crystal vibrating in liquid","volume":"65","author":"Martin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.38.1117","article-title":"Latex piezoelectric immunoassay: Detection of agglutination of antibody-bearing latex using a piezoelectric quartz crystal","volume":"38","author":"Kurosawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3924","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1145396","article-title":"Quartz crystal microbalance setup for frequency and Q-factor measurements in gaseous and liquid environments","volume":"66","author":"Rodahl","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8305","DOI":"10.1021\/la0107704","article-title":"Characterization of PNA and DNA immobilization and subsequent hybridization with DNA using acoustic-shear-wave attenuation measurements","volume":"17","author":"Ray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4095(200101)13:2<113::AID-ADMA113>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Catalytic growth of zinc oxide nanowires by vapor transport","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gagliardi, M., Tori, G., Agostini, M., Lunardelli, F., Mencarelli, F., Sanmartin, C., and Cecchini, M. (2022). Detection of Oenological Polyphenols via QCM-D Measurements. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12010166"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spagnolo, S., Muckley, E.S., Ivanov, I.N., and Hianik, T. (2022). Application of Multiharmonic QCM-D for Detection of Plasmin at Hydrophobic Surfaces Modified by \u03b2-Casein. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10040143"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1039\/AN9911600881","article-title":"Thickness-shear-mode acoustic wave sensors in the liquid phase. A review","volume":"116","author":"Thompson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mujahid, A., Afzal, A., and Dickert, L.F. (2019). An Overview of High Frequency Acoustic Sensors\u2014QCMs, SAWs and FBARs\u2014Chemical and Biochemical Applications. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204395"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.12.035","article-title":"A review of quartz crystal microbalances for space applications","volume":"287","author":"Dirri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc, S., \u00d6zg\u00fcr, E., and Denizli, A. (2022). Recent Advances in Quartz Crystal Microbalance Biosensors Based on the Molecular Imprinting Technique for Disease-Related Biomarkers. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10030106"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alassi, A., Benammar, M., and Brett, D. (2017). Quartz Crystal Microbalance Electronic Interfacing Systems: A Review. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122799"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1952.273867","article-title":"High-frequency crystal units for primary frequency standards","volume":"40","author":"Warner","year":"1952","journal-title":"Proc. IRE"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Vig, J.R., and Walls, F.L. (2000, January 9). A review of sensor sensitivity and stability. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE\/EIA International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition, Kansas City, MO, USA."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"138","article-title":"Chemical sensor based on quartz microresonators","volume":"5","author":"Vig","year":"1996","journal-title":"JMemS"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Bottom, V.E. (1944, January 11\u201312). Studies of the deterioration of quartz crystal units with special reference to the effects of temperature and humidity on the quartz plate and holder-techniques for fabrication stable crystal units. Proceedings of the Chicago Crystal Conference, Available online: https:\/\/ieee-uffc.org\/files\/ieeeuffcorg\/2021-09\/Proceedings%20of%20Chicago%20Crystal%20Conference.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Bai, Q., Hu, J., and Hou, D. (2017). A practical model of quartz crystal microbalance in actual applications. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081785"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Chen, Q., Pan, W., Hu, J., and Yao, Y. (2019). Assessing the mass sensitivity for different electrode materials commonly used in quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs). Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183968"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Huang, X., Pan, W., Xu, Y., and Fan, Z. (2019). Investigation on mass sensitivity of n-m type electrode quartz crystal microbalance. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092125"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00045a014","article-title":"Scanning electrochemical mass sensitivity mapping of the quartz crystal microbalance in liquid media","volume":"64","author":"Hillier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00009a009","article-title":"Radial mass sensitivity of the quartz crystal microbalance in liquid media","volume":"63","author":"Ward","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2174\/1874129001408010197","article-title":"Response of quartz crystal microbalance loaded with single-drop liquid in gas phase","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Electr. Electron. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, Q., and Huang, X. (2016). Using quartz crystal microbalance for field measurement of liquid viscosities. J. Sens., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7580483"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00020a015","article-title":"Characterization of a quartz crystal microbalance with simultaneous mass and liquid loading","volume":"63","author":"Martin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9706032","article-title":"Analysis of the radial dependence of mass sensitivity for modified-electrode quartz crystal resonators","volume":"70","author":"Josse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiersten, H.F. (1969). Linear Piezoelectric Plate Vibrations: Elements of the Linear Theory of Piezoelectricity and the Vibrations Piezoelectric Plates, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-5594-4"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2030658","article-title":"Patterned electrodes for thickness shear mode quartz resonators to achieve uniform mass sensitivity distribution","volume":"9","author":"Richardson","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.25.1069","article-title":"Laser response of a quartz crystal microbalance: Frequency changes induced by light irradiation in the air phase","volume":"25","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2086033","article-title":"Calibration of the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance","volume":"138","author":"Gabrielli","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Huang, X., Xue, S., Yesilbas, G., Knoll, A., and Schneider, O. (2020). Measurement of the mass sensitivity of QCM with ring electrodes using electrodeposition. Electrochem. Commun., 116.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2020.106744"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Xue, S., Schneider, O., Yesilbas, G., Knoll, A., and Huang, X. (2020). Comparison of the absolute mass sensitivity of ring electrode QCM and standard QCM using electrodeposition. Electrochem. Commun., 119.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2020.106826"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/1\/7\/002","article-title":"The quartz crystal microbalance; radial\/polar dependence of mass sensitivity both on and off the electrodes","volume":"1","author":"Cumpson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Huang, X., Pan, W., and Fu, W. (2020, January 19\u201323). Implementation of QCM with uniform mass sensitivity distribution. Proceedings of the 2020 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics (IFCS-ISAF), Keystone, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IFCS-ISAF41089.2020.9234901"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson, A., Bhethanabotla, V.R., Smith, A.L., and Josse, F. (2008, January 26\u201329). Patterned electrodes for thickness shear mode quartz resonators to achieve uniform mass sensitivity distribution. Proceedings of the SENSORS, 2008 IEEE, Lecce, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2008.4716659"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thickness-shear vibration characteristics of an AT-cut quartz resonator with rectangular ring electrodes","volume":"51","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IJApE"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2013.2788","article-title":"The modified design of ring electrode quartz crystal resonator for uniform mass sensitivity distribution","volume":"60","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16828","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c03443","article-title":"Analysis of the Uniformization of the QCM Mass Sensitivity Distribution through a Dot Multiring Electrode Structure","volume":"93","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9008","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3056108","article-title":"Uniformization of QCM\u2019s mass sensitivity distribution by optimizing its metal electrode configurations","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32917","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c04957","article-title":"Uniform Mass Sensitivity Distribution of Elliptically Designed Electrodes Based on a Quartz Crystal Microbalance","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2020.3008790","article-title":"Uniformization of mass sensitivity distribution of silver electrode QCM","volume":"67","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6367","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b01529","article-title":"Quartz crystal microbalance with approximately uniform sensitivity distribution","volume":"90","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Huang, X. (2018). A Quartz Crystal Microbalance Mass Sensor with Uniform Mass Sensitivity. (CN201,810,308,560.1)."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2018.2860597","article-title":"The exploration and confirmation of the maximum mass sensitivity of quartz crystal microbalance","volume":"65","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, W., Huang, X., Chen, Q., Fan, Z., and Xu, Y. (2019). Analysis and verification of the relationship between the maximum mass sensitivity of quartz crystal microbalance and electrode parameters. Chin. Phys. Lett., 36.","DOI":"10.1088\/0256-307X\/36\/7\/070701"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2020.3030636","article-title":"The Effect of Electrode thickness on Mass Sensitivity of QCM Cannot Be Ignored","volume":"68","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2022, June 05). Stanford Research Systems QCM200. Available online: https:\/\/www.thinksrs.com\/downloads\/pdfs\/manuals\/QCM200m.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.5006\/1.3290344","article-title":"Self-assembled monolayers of Schiff bases on copper surfaces","volume":"57","author":"Quan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Corrosion"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.02.058","article-title":"Facile preparation of N-rich functional polymer with porous framework as QCM sensing material for rapid humidity detection","volume":"288","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, Y. (2019). Bio-and chemical sensors and role of soft interface. Molecular Soft-Interface Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-56877-3_13"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Jang, J., Akin, D., Savran, C.A., and Bashir, R. (2008). Real-time detection of airborne viruses on a mass-sensitive device. Appl. Phys. Lett., 93.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2956679"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2019.01.023","article-title":"Stereo-regulated Schiff base siloxane polymer coated QCM sensor for amine vapor detection","volume":"226","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Huang, X., Yao, Y., and Mao, K. (2022). Analysis of the Effect of Electrode Materials on the Sensitivity of Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12060975"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(01)00220-2","article-title":"Ultrasensitive quartz crystal microbalance sensors for detection of M13-Phages in liquids","volume":"16","author":"Uttenthaler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8068","DOI":"10.1021\/ac901267b","article-title":"170-MHz electrodeless quartz crystal microbalance biosensor: Capability and limitation of higher frequency measurement","volume":"81","author":"Ogi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1088\/0256-307X\/36\/12\/120702","article-title":"A high-Q quartz crystal microbalance with mass sensitivity up to 1017 Hz\/kg","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5112\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:44:02Z","timestamp":1760139842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s22145112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22145112","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]}}}