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Some patients may be susceptible to allergic reaction to the iodine contrast substance. The intravenous injection of a bolus of CO2 (negative contrast) is an alternative method, which is, however, currently only used for imaging blood vessels of the lower limbs. The aim of our project was to design and test on an animal model a methodology for injecting the CO2 foam which would minimize the possibility of embolization of the brain tissue and heart infarction, leading to their damage. This is important research for the further promotion of the use of CO2, which is increasingly important for endovascular diagnosis and treatment, because carbon-dioxide-related complications are extremely rare. CO2 foam was prepared by the rapid mixing in a 2:1 ratio of CO2 and fetal bovine serum (FBS)-enriched Dulbecco\u2019s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM). Freshly prepared CO2 foam was administered into the catheterized rat tail vein or cannulated rat abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC). CO2 foam was compared with commercially available microbubbles (lipid shell\/gas core). The rat heart in its parasternal long axis was imaged in B-Mode and Non-linear Contrast Mode before\/during and after the contrast administration. Samples of the brain, heart and lungs were collected and subjected to histological examination. The non-linear contrast imaging method enables the imaging of micron-sized gas microbubbles inside a rat heart. The significantly shorter lifetime of the prepared CO2 foam is a benefit for avoiding the local ischemia of tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1657497981000},"page":"5124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In Vivo Contrast Imaging of Rat Heart with Carbon Dioxide Foam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4863-5326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Karalko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University General Hospital, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 499\/2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Klinikum Neumarkt, Vascular Surgery, N\u00fcrnberger Str. 12, 92318 Neumarkt, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3890-5409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Ke\u0161a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging (CAPI), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovska 3, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Frantisek","family":"Jel\u00ednek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Histopathological Laboratory, Sojovicka 352\/16, 197 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2846-220X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lud\u011bk","family":"\u0160efc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging (CAPI), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovska 3, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Je\u017eek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific Instruments, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Zem\u00e1nek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific Instruments, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 147, 612 64 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Grus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University General Hospital, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 499\/2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2010.09.011","article-title":"Management of abdominal aortic aneurysms. 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