{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T16:01:56Z","timestamp":1778256116176,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62071476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071476"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020RC2041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020RC2041"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZK20-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK20-33"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["62071476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071476"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["2020RC2041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020RC2041"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["ZK20-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK20-33"]}]},{"name":"Research Program of the National University of Defense Technology","award":["62071476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071476"]}]},{"name":"Research Program of the National University of Defense Technology","award":["2020RC2041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020RC2041"]}]},{"name":"Research Program of the National University of Defense Technology","award":["ZK20-33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK20-33"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is the preliminary stage of communication, localization, and sensing. Hence, it is a canonical task for next-generation wireless communications, namely beyond 5G (B5G) or 6G communication networks. Both massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and millimeter wave (mmW) bands are emerging technologies that can be implemented to increase the spectral efficiency of an area, and a number of expectations have been placed on them for future-generation wireless communications. Meanwhile, they also create new challenges for DOA estimation, for instance, through extremely large-scale array data, the coexistence of far-field and near-field sources, mutual coupling effects, and complicated spatial-temporal signal sampling. This article discusses various open issues related to DOA estimation for B5G\/6G communication networks. Moreover, some insights on current advances, including arrays, models, sampling, and algorithms, are provided. Finally, directions for future work on the development of DOA estimation are addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1657497981000},"page":"5125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["DOA Estimation in B5G\/6G: Trends and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ningjun","family":"Ruan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"},{"name":"College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Science and Engineering, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China"}]},{"given":"Fangqing","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"}]},{"given":"Junpeng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Countermeasure, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei 230037, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, B., Kim, S., and Lee, J. 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