{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:42:40Z","timestamp":1781019760305,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the usage of radio frequency magnetic fields for biomedical applications has increased exponentially. Several diagnostic and therapeutic methodologies exploit this physical entity such as, for instance, magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia with magnetic nanoparticles and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Within this framework, the magnetic field focusing and shaping, at different depths inside the tissue, emerges as one of the most important challenges from a technological point of view, since it is highly desirable for improving the effectiveness of clinical methodologies. In this review paper, we will first report some of the biomedical practices employing radio frequency magnetic fields, that appear most promising in clinical settings, explaining the underneath physical principles and operative procedures. Specifically, we direct the interest toward hyperthermia with magnetic nanoparticles and transcranial magnetic stimulation, together with a brief mention of magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, we deeply review the technological solutions that have appeared so far in the literature to shape and control the radio frequency magnetic field distribution within biological tissues, highlighting human applications. In particular, volume and surface coils, together with the recent raise of metamaterials and metasurfaces will be reported. The present review manuscript can be useful to fill the actual gap in the literature and to serve as a guide for the physicians and engineers working in these fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1657497981000},"page":"5132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Shaping and Focusing Magnetic Field in the Human Body: State-of-the Art and Promising Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4550-3798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Rotundo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0286-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"Brizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4486-8878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Flori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione CNR-Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4317-4161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Giovannetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Menichetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6063-4310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostino","family":"Monorchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obaidat, I.M., Narayanaswamy, V., Alaabed, S., Sambasivam, S., and Muralee Gopi, C.V. (2019). Principles of magnetic hyperthermia: A focus on using multifunctional hybrid magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetochemistry, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/magnetochemistry5040067"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"934","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticles for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"11","author":"Akar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-8853(02)00706-0","article-title":"Heating magnetic fluid with alternating magnetic field","volume":"252","author":"Rosensweig","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-195710000-00007","article-title":"Selective inductive heating of lymph nodes","volume":"146","author":"Gilchrist","year":"1957","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2013.832815","article-title":"In vivo applications of magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia","volume":"29","author":"Hilger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Piao, D., Le, K., Saunders, D., Smith, N., Goddard, J., Figueroa, D., Krasinski, J.S., Chen, W.R., and Towner, R.A. (May, January 28). Development of a vertically and horizontally applicable multi-frequency alternating-magnetic-field device for hyperthermia of glioma in rodent model using iron oxide based nanoparticles. Proceedings of the Biomedical Optics Optical Society of America, Miami, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2013.822993","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticle heating and heat transfer on a microscale: Basic principles, realities and physical limitations of hyperthermia for tumour therapy","volume":"29","author":"Dutz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.3854","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticle-based hyperthermia for head & neck cancer in mouse models","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.03.008","article-title":"Magnetic nanomaterials for hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug delivery","volume":"63","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S77372","article-title":"Magnetic thermoablation stimuli alter BCL2 and FGF-R1 but not HSP70 expression profiles in BT474 breast tumors","volume":"10","author":"Stapf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2016.07.018","article-title":"The comparison of magnetic circuits used in magnetic hyperthermia","volume":"420","author":"Skumiel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2020.1853252","article-title":"Combining magnetic particle imaging and magnetic fluid hyperthermia for localized and image-guided treatment","volume":"37","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1039\/D1BM01963E","article-title":"Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia: Recent advancements, molecular effects, and future directions in the omics era","volume":"10","author":"Pucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2020.1800831","article-title":"In vivo magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia: A review on preclinical studies, low-field nano-heaters, noninvasive thermometry and computer simulations for treatment planning","volume":"37","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2011.04.003","article-title":"Magnetic fluid hyperthermia: Focus on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles","volume":"166","author":"Laurent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2015.1120889","article-title":"Hyperthermia using nanoparticles\u2013promises and pitfalls","volume":"32","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, W., Zhang, T., Peng, M., Yi, J., He, Y., and Fan, H. (2022). Design of Magnetic Nanoplatforms for Cancer Theranostics. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12010038"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"093904","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4895656","article-title":"An air-cooled Litz wire coil for measuring the high frequency hysteresis loops of magnetic samples\u2014A useful setup for magnetic hyperthermia applications","volume":"85","author":"Connord","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115702","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/25\/11\/115702","article-title":"A multifrequency eletromagnetic applicator with an integrated AC magnetometer for magnetic hyperthermia experiments","volume":"25","author":"Garaio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3106343","article-title":"Focused RF hyperthermia using magnetic fluids","volume":"36","author":"Tasci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2021.168528","article-title":"Theory of superlocalized magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia: Rotating versus oscillating fields","volume":"541","author":"Trombettoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30981-x","article-title":"Non-calorimetric determination of absorbed power during magnetic nanoparticle based hyperthermia","volume":"8","author":"Gresits","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2018.07.010","article-title":"Hyperthermia in a system of interacting ferromagnetic particles under rotating magnetic field","volume":"477","author":"Zubarev","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2020.167418","article-title":"Effect of rotating magnetic field on ferromagnetic structures used in hyperthermia","volume":"518","author":"Konopacki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2013.11.045","article-title":"A comparison of the heating effect of magnetic fluid between the alternating and rotating magnetic field","volume":"355","author":"Trlep","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7093s","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-1004-0016","article-title":"Application of high amplitude alternating magnetic fields for heat induction of nanoparticles localized in cancer","volume":"11","author":"Ivkov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashikbayeva, Z., Tosi, D., Balmassov, D., Schena, E., Saccomandi, P., and Inglezakis, V. (2019). Application of nanoparticles and nanomaterials in thermal ablation therapy of cancer. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9091195"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-200210000-00008","article-title":"Thermal ablation of tumors using magnetic nanoparticles: An in vivo feasibility study","volume":"37","author":"Hilger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.3109\/02656731003745740","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia for prostate cancer","volume":"26","author":"Johannsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.2017021249","article-title":"Thermal therapy approaches for treatment of brain tumors in animals and humans","volume":"44","author":"Bredlau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-009-9583-x","article-title":"Thermoablation of malignant kidney tumors using magnetic nanoparticles: An in vivo feasibility study in a rabbit model","volume":"33","author":"Bruners","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/wpt.2020.10","article-title":"Radiofrequency tumor ablation system with a wireless or implantable probe","volume":"7","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Power Transf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e734","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/52571099","article-title":"Development of a highly efficient implanted thermal ablation device: In vivo experiment in rat liver","volume":"85","author":"Matsui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, J. (2018). Electromagnetic Analysis and Design in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Routledge.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203758731"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0534(2000)12:6<361::AID-CMR1>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"NMR probeheads for in vivo applications","volume":"12","author":"Haase","year":"2000","journal-title":"Concepts Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910160203","article-title":"The NMR phased array","volume":"16","author":"Roemer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/cmr.b.21343","article-title":"Comparison between circular and square loops for low-frequency magnetic resonance applications: Theoretical performance estimation","volume":"46","author":"Giovannetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Concepts Magn. Reson. Part B: Magn. Reson. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.2014011482","article-title":"Radiofrequency coils for magnetic resonance applications: Theory, design, and evaluation","volume":"42","author":"Giovannetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19NT01","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abaffb","article-title":"Rapid development of application-specific flexible MRI receive coils","volume":"65","author":"Collick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81833-0","article-title":"Custom, spray coated receive coils for magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"11","author":"Zamarayeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2019.2945833","article-title":"A Radiating System for Low-Frequency Highly Focused Hyperthermia with Magnetic Nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Brizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Electromagn. RF Microw. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/10.277267","article-title":"Practical induction heating coil designs for clinical hyperthermia with ferromagnetic implants","volume":"41","author":"Stauffer","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1108\/03321641111152784","article-title":"Magnetic field generating inductor for cancer hyperthermia research","volume":"30","author":"Nemkov","year":"2011","journal-title":"COMPEL-Int. J. Comput. Math. Electr. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2296231","article-title":"Comparison of a single optimized coil and a Helmholtz pair for magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia","volume":"61","author":"Nieskoski","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.15.185","article-title":"Real-time tracking of delayed-onset cellular apoptosis induced by intracellular magnetic hyperthermia","volume":"11","author":"Ortega","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5080348","article-title":"A versatile induction heating system for magnetic hyperthermia studies under different experimental conditions","volume":"90","author":"Hadadian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305003","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ab87c5","article-title":"Improvement of solenoid magnetic field and its influence on therapeutic effect during magnetic hyperthermia","volume":"53","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114904","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3658818","article-title":"An induction heater device for studies of magnetic hyperthermia and specific absorption ratio measurements","volume":"82","author":"Cano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095901","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/aa7be2","article-title":"A frequency tuner for resonant inverters suitable for magnetic hyperthermia applications","volume":"28","author":"Mazon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2018.2799992","article-title":"A novel approach for determining the electromagnetic properties of a colloidal fluid with magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia applications","volume":"2","author":"Brizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Electromagn. RF Microw. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"931","article-title":"Magnetic field synthesis in the design of inductors for magnetic fluid hyperthermia","volume":"46","author":"Dughiero","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1108\/EC-10-2014-0218","article-title":"Optimal inductor design for nanofluid heating characterisation","volume":"32","author":"Bertani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2015.1104732","article-title":"A coil system for real-time magnetic fluid hyperthermia microscopy studies","volume":"32","author":"Subramanian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081402","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0050788","article-title":"Design, simulation, and test of surface and volume radio frequency coils for 13C magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy","volume":"92","author":"Frijia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2011.2162527","article-title":"Modified solenoid coil that efficiently produces high amplitude AC magnetic fields with enhanced uniformity for biomedical applications","volume":"48","author":"Bordelon","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2019.1704448","article-title":"Design and construction of a Maxwell-type induction coil for magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia","volume":"37","author":"Attaluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02693842","article-title":"A fast and accurate simulator for the design of birdcage coils in MRI","volume":"15","author":"Giovannetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Mater. Phys. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"A quadrature lowpass birdcage coil for a vertical low field MRI scanner","volume":"22","author":"Giovannetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Concepts Magn. Reson. Part B Magn. Reson. Eng. Educ. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S203","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-150955","article-title":"An induction heating device using planar coil with high amplitude alternating magnetic fields for magnetic hyperthermia","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"000010151520134129","article-title":"A novel magnetic field device for inducing hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"58","author":"Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Biomed. Tech."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.06.031","article-title":"Litz wire RF coils for low frequency NMR applications","volume":"110","author":"Giovannetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"093909","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2972172","article-title":"A frequency-adjustable electromagnet for hyperthermia measurements on magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"79","author":"Lacroix","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.11.014","article-title":"Multi-locus transcranial magnetic stimulation system for electronically targeted brain stimulation","volume":"15","author":"Nieminen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, W., Luo, F., and Han, R. (2020, January 6\u201310). Simulation Research on Focusing Characteristics of 8-shaped Magnetic Coil. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHVE49031.2020.9279792"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2020.3023942","article-title":"Optimal Design of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Thin Core Coil With Trade-Off Between Stimulation Effect and Heat Energy","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4401","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.3019087","article-title":"A Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation System With a Whole Brain Coil Array for Nonhuman Primates at 3 T","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Wang, Z., Hou, W., Zhao, M., and Xu, G. (2016, January 17\u201321). Design of a new low-intensity focused ultrasound stimulation system with homogeneous magnetic field. Proceedings of the 2016 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (APEMC), Shenzhen, China."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2018.2846693","article-title":"Numerical Investigation of the Magnetic and Electric Field Distributions Produced by Biconical Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Coil for Optimal Design","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of Focused Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Rodents by Copper-Array Shields","volume":"54","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2017.2711962","article-title":"Quadruple Butterfly Coil With Passive Magnetic Shielding for Focused Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"53","author":"Rastogi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERM16040509","article-title":"The focusing Optimization of transcranial magnetic stimulation system","volume":"48","author":"Xiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res. M"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, M.M., Sufian, S.M.A., Mehdi, H., and Siddique-e-Rabbani, K. (2016, January 20\u201322). Designing a transcranial magnetic stimulator coil for Deep Brain Stimulation. Proceedings of the 2016 9th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE), Dhaka, Bangladesh.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECE.2016.7853916"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"March, S.D., McAtee, S., Senter, M., Spoth, K., Stiner, D.R., Crowther, L.J., Hadimani, R.L., and Jiles, D.C. (2013, January 6\u20138). Focused and deep brain magnetic stimulation using new coil design in mice. Proceedings of the 2013 6th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/NER.2013.6695887"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2010.2040379","article-title":"Circular Coil Array Model for Tran-scranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Lu, J., Liu, C., and Hu, Y. (2009, January 17\u201319). Coil Arrays Modeling and Optimization for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Proceedings of the 2009 2nd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Tianjin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/BMEI.2009.5305488"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mutawaly, N., de Bruin, H., and Findlay, D. (2001, January 25\u201328). Magnetic nerve stimulation: Field focality and depth of penetration. Proceedings of the 2001 Conference Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA411028"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2021.3121338","article-title":"Performance Optimization and Simulation Research of New Coil for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimizer","volume":"57","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Zhang, T., and Edrich, J. (November, January 31). Excentric coils for focused neuromagnetic stimulation and biomagnetic detection. Proceedings of 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorkhabi, M.M., Wendt, K., and Denison, T. (2020, January 20\u201324). Temporally Interfering TMS: Focal and Dynamic Stimulation Location. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9176249"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4845","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2009.2023619","article-title":"Effects of Coil Parameters on the Stimulated Area by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"45","author":"Tsuyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotundo, S., Brizi, D., and Monorchio, A. (April, January 27). Bessel Beam Radiating System for Focused Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Proceedings of the 2022 16th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP53622.2022.9769265"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1109\/22.798002","article-title":"Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena","volume":"47","author":"Pendry","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/LMAG.2016.2520903","article-title":"Synthesized magnetic field focusing using a current-controlled coil array","volume":"7","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Magn. Lett."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5558","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2869362","article-title":"2-D Synthesized Magnetic Field Focusing Technology With Loop Coils Distributed in a Rectangular Formation","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falchi, M., Rotundo, S., Brizi, D., and Monorchio, A. (April, January 27). A Design Methodology for Response-controlled Passive Magnetic Metasurfaces. Proceedings of the 2022 16th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP53622.2022.9769304"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2021.3069571","article-title":"An Analytical Approach for the Arbitrary Control of Magnetic Metasurfaces Frequency Response","volume":"20","author":"Brizi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07378-y","article-title":"Magnetic metasurfaces properties in the near field regions","volume":"12","author":"Brizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez, L., Hernandez, L., Grbic, A., and Michielssen, E. (2010, January 11\u201317). A simulation of focal brain stimulation using metamaterial lenses. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2010.5561121"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2018.2882486","article-title":"Hilbert Curve-Based Metasurface to Enhance Sensitivity of Radio Frequency Coils for 7-T MRI","volume":"67","author":"Motovilova","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061604","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5099413","article-title":"Control of the magnetic near-field pattern inside MRI machine with tunable metasurface","volume":"115","author":"Kretov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95420-w","article-title":"Improving magnetic resonance imaging with smart and thin metasurfaces","volume":"11","author":"Stoja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200099","DOI":"10.1002\/VIW.20200099","article-title":"On-demand field shaping for enhanced magnetic resonance imaging using an ultrathin reconfigurable metasurface","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"VIEW"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66884-z","article-title":"A smart switching system to enable automatic tuning and detuning of metamaterial resonators in MRI scans","volume":"10","author":"Saha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5132\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:44:21Z","timestamp":1760139861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s22145132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22145132","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]}}}