{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T06:02:28Z","timestamp":1770357748477,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-#1742899"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-#1742899"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent advances in techniques to improve indoor localization accuracy for personnel and asset tracking challenges has enabled wide-spread adoption within the retail, manufacturing, and health care industries. Most currently deployed systems use distance estimates from known reference locations to localize a person or asset using geometric lateration techniques. The distances are determined using one of many radio frequency (RF) based ranging techniques. Unfortunately, such techniques are susceptible to interference and multipath propagation caused by obstructions within buildings. Because range inaccuracies from known locations can directly lead to incorrect position estimates, these systems often require careful upfront deployment design to account for site-specific interference sources. However, the upfront system deployment requirements necessary to achieve high positioning accuracy with RF-based ranging systems makes the use of such systems impractical, particularly for structures constructed of challenging materials or dense configurations. In this paper, we evaluate and compare the accuracy and precision of alternative RF-based devices within a range of indoor spaces composed of different materials and sizes. These spaces range from large open areas such as gymnasiums to confined engineering labs of traditional buildings as well as training buildings at the local Fire Department Training Facility. Our goal is to identify the impact of alternative RF-based systems on localization accuracy and precision specifically for first responders that are called upon to traverse structures composed of different materials and configurations. Consequently, in this study we have specifically chosen spaces that are likely to be encountered by firefighters during building fires or emergency medical responses. Moreover, many of these indoor spaces can be considered hostile using RF-based ranging techniques. We built prototype wearable localization edge devices designed for first responders and characterize both ranging and localization accuracy and precision using alternative transceivers including Bluetooth Low Energy, 433 MHz, 915 MHz, and ultra-wide band. Our results show that in hostile environments, using ultra-wide band transceivers for localization consistently outperforms the alternatives in terms of precision and accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1657497981000},"page":"5134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Localization within Hostile Indoor Environments for Emergency Responders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Boyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Platforms & Architecture Lab, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7407-2387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Tolentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Platforms & Architecture Lab, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Clark, B.A. (2018, June 18). MAYDAY-MAYDAY\u2013MAYDAY. Available online: www.firehouse.com\/safety-health\/article\/10574007\/mayday-mayday-mayday."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30149","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2843325","article-title":"Rssi-based indoor localization with the internet of things","volume":"6","author":"Sadowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304628","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/304628","article-title":"Localization techniques in wireless sensor networks","volume":"9","author":"Alrajeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2007.905750","article-title":"Survey of wireless indoor positioning techniques and systems","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part Appl. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2703620","article-title":"Localization and positioning systems for emergency responders: A survey","volume":"19","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2009.090103","article-title":"A survey of indoor positioning systems for wireless personal networks","volume":"11","author":"Gu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastos, A.S., Vieira, V., and Apolin\u00e1rio Jr, A.L. (2015, January 26\u201329). Indoor location systems in emergency scenarios\u2014A Survey. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Brazilian Symposium on Information Systems: Information Systems: A Computer Socio-Technical Perspective, Goi\u00e2nia, Brazil.","DOI":"10.5753\/sbsi.2015.5824"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haas, L., and Harlacher, M. (2010, January 4\u20136). First responder location and tracking using synthetic aperture navigation. Proceedings of the IEEE\/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium, Indian Wells, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2010.5507250"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2227593","article-title":"Inertial sensor based indoor localization and monitoring system for emergency responders","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, J.O., Skog, I., H\u00e4ndel, P., and Hari, K. (2012, January 23\u201326). Foot-mounted INS for everybody-an open-source embedded implementation. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE\/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2012.6236875"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043903","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.127.043903","article-title":"Deeply Subwavelength Localization with Reverberation-Coded Aperture","volume":"127","author":"Gigan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beauregard, S. (2007, January 22). Omnidirectional pedestrian navigation for first responders. Proceedings of the 2007 4th Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and Communication, Hannover, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/WPNC.2007.353609"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratama, A.R., and Hidayat, R. (2012, January 11\u201312). Smartphone-based pedestrian dead reckoning as an indoor positioning system. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on System Engineering and Technology (ICSET), Bandung, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSEngT.2012.6339316"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimenez, A.R., Seco, F., Prieto, C., and Guevara, J. (2009, January 26\u201328). A comparison of pedestrian dead-reckoning algorithms using a low-cost MEMS IMU. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing, Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/WISP.2009.5286542"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Beauregard, S., and Haas, H. (2006, January 16). Pedestrian dead reckoning: A basis for personal positioning. Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and Communication, Hannover, Germany."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2007.381737","article-title":"A real-time indoor WiFi localization system utilizing smart antennas","volume":"53","author":"Lim","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basri, C., and El Khadimi, A. (October, January 29). Survey on indoor localization system and recent advances of WIFI fingerprinting technique. Proceedings of the 2016 5th International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems (ICMCS), Marrakech, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMCS.2016.7905633"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"185138","article-title":"Recent advances in wireless indoor localization techniques and system","volume":"2013","author":"Farid","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comput. Netw. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amundson, I., and Koutsoukos, X.D. (2009, January 30). A survey on localization for mobile wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-Less Environments, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04385-7_16"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10194","DOI":"10.3390\/s150510194","article-title":"Mobile robot positioning with 433-MHz wireless motes with varying transmission powers and a particle filter","volume":"15","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, C., Park, D., Park, J., Lee, Y., and An, Y. (2010, January 21\u201323). Localization algorithm design and implementation to utilization RSSI and AOA of Zigbee. Proceedings of the 2010 5th International Conference on Future Information Technology, Busan, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/FUTURETECH.2010.5482710"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19820622","article-title":"Radio propagation within buildings at 900 MHz","volume":"18","author":"Alexander","year":"1982","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Dong, Q., and Dargie, W. (2012, January 28\u201330). Evaluation of the reliability of RSSI for indoor localization. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Wireless Communications in Underground and Confined Areas, Clermont, Ferrand."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Rong, P., and Sichitiu, M.L. (2006, January 28). Angle of arrival localization for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2006 3rd Annual IEEE Communications Society on Sensor and ad Hoc Communications and Networks, Reston, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"So, H.C. (2011). Source localization: Algorithms and analysis. Handbook of Position Location: Theory, Practice, and Advances, Wiley-IEEE Press.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118104750.ch2"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2010.03.007","article-title":"Angle-of-arrival localization based on antenna arrays for wireless sensor networks","volume":"36","author":"Ludwin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansari, J., Riihijarvi, J., and Mahonen, P. (2007, January 3\u20137). Combining particle filtering with cricket system for indoor localization and tracking services. Proceedings of the IEEE 18th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2007.4394578"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priyantha, N.B., Chakraborty, A., and Balakrishnan, H. (2000, January 6\u201311). The cricket location-support system. Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/345910.345917"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/6.819928","article-title":"Personal locator services emerge","volume":"37","author":"Koshima","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1109\/TRA.2004.824948","article-title":"On the feasibility of using wireless ethernet for indoor localization","volume":"20","author":"Ladd","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot. Autom."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2009.2029191","article-title":"Robust indoor positioning provided by real-time RSSI values in unmodified WLAN networks","volume":"3","author":"Mazuelas","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fink, A., and Beikirch, H. (2012, January 9\u201312). Combining of redundant signal strength readings for an improved RF localization in multipath indoor environments. Proceedings of the 2012 15th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2012.6418859"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, P., Reddy, L., and Varma, S. (2009, January 15\u201319). Distance measurement and error estimation scheme for RSSI based localization in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2009 Fifth International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks (WCSN), Allahabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSN.2009.5434802"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Li, J., Xie, Z., Lin, S., Whitehouse, K., Stankovic, J.A., and Siu, D. (2010, January 15\u201318). Automatic and robust breadcrumb system deployment for indoor firefighter applications. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1814433.1814438"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2464084","article-title":"Wi-Fi fingerprint-based indoor positioning: Recent advances and comparisons","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1145\/1234822.1234829","article-title":"A practical evaluation of radio signal strength for ranging-based localization","volume":"11","author":"Whitehouse","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACM SIGMOBILE Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Fontana, R.J., and Gunderson, S.J. (2002, January 21\u201323). Ultra-wideband precision asset location system. Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies (IEEE Cat. No. 02EX580), Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1109\/8.127405","article-title":"914 MHz path loss prediction models for indoor wireless communications in multifloored buildings","volume":"40","author":"Seidel","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pritt, N. (2013, January 23\u201325). Indoor location with Wi-Fi fingerprinting. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop (AIPR), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIPR.2013.6749334"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Lin, X.Y., Ho, T.W., Fang, C.C., Yen, Z.S., Yang, B.J., and Lai, F. (2015, January 25\u201329). A mobile indoor positioning system based on iBeacon technology. Proceedings of the 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Milan, Italy."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Zafari, F., Papapanagiotou, I., Devetsikiotis, M., and Hacker, T. (2017). An ibeacon based proximity and indoor localization system. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"De Blas, A., and L\u00f3pez-de Ipi\u00f1a, D. (2017, January 12\u201314). Improving trilateration for indoors localization using BLE beacons. Proceedings of the 2017 2nd International Multidisciplinary Conference on Computer and Energy Science (SpliTech), Split, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thaljaoui, A., Val, T., Nasri, N., and Brulin, D. (2015, January 17\u201319). BLE localization using RSSI measurements and iRingLA. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Seville, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2015.7125418"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackey, A., and Spachos, P. (2017, January 14\u201316). Performance evaluation of beacons for indoor localization in smart buildings. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/GlobalSIP.2017.8309075"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2005.1458289","article-title":"Localization via ultra-wideband radios: A look at positioning aspects for future sensor networks","volume":"22","author":"Gezici","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2010.07.001","article-title":"Indoor tracking for mission critical scenarios: A survey","volume":"7","author":"Fuchs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blankenbach, J., Norrdine, A., and Hellmers, H. (2012, January 13\u201315). A robust and precise 3D indoor positioning system for harsh environments. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN), Sydney, NSW, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2012.6418863"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, J., Bhargava, V., Redfern, A., and Wright, P. (2007, January 6\u201310). A wireless sensor network and incident command interface for urban firefighting. Proceedings of the 2007 Fourth Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking & Services (MobiQuitous), Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MOBIQ.2007.4450980"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandhi, S.R., Ganz, A., and Mullett, G. (September, January 31). FIREGUIDE: Firefighter guide and tracker. Proceedings of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Buenos Aires, Argentina.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2010.5626771"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Miller, L.E. (2006). Indoor Navigation for First Responders: A Feasibility Study, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Wireless Communication Technologies Group."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sha, K., Shi, W., and Watkins, O. (2006, January 7\u201310). Using wireless sensor networks for fire rescue applications: Requirements and challenges. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Electro\/information Technology, East Lansing, MI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EIT.2006.252145"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klann, M. (2008, January 29\u201330). Tactical navigation support for firefighters: The LifeNet ad hoc sensor-network and wearable system. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Mobile Information Technology for Emergency Response, Bonn, Germany.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00440-7_5"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2014.02.019","article-title":"A BIM centered indoor localization algorithm to support building fire emergency response operations","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.04.004","article-title":"Comparative assessment of an indoor localization framework for building emergency response","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amendolare, V., Cyganski, D., Duckworth, R., Makarov, S., Coyne, J., Daempfling, H., and Woodacre, B. (2008, January 5\u20138). WPI precision personnel locator system: Inertial navigation supplementation. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE\/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium, Monterey, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2008.4570055"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Duckworth, J., Cyganski, D., Makarov, S., Michalson, W., Orr, J., Amendolare, V., Coyne, J., Daempfling, H., Hubelbank, D., and Parikh, H. (2007, January 29). WPI precision personnel locator system: Evaluation by first responders. Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2007), Fort Worth, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pahlavan, K., Li, X., Ylianttila, M., Chana, R., and Latva-aho, M. (2000). An overview of wireless indoor geolocation techniques and systems. Mobile and Wireless Communications Networks, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45494-2_1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2013.6587186","article-title":"The way through the flames","volume":"50","author":"Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawkinson, W., Samanant, P., McCroskey, R., Ingvalson, R., Kulkarni, A., Haas, L., and English, B. (2012, January 23\u201326). GLANSER: Geospatial location, accountability, and Navigation System for Emergency Responders-system concept and performance assessment. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE\/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2012.6236870"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2017.2713817","article-title":"The Microsoft Indoor Localization Competition: Experiences and Lessons Learned","volume":"34","author":"Lymberopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206674","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3037221","article-title":"The ipin 2019 indoor localisation competition\u2014Description and results","volume":"8","author":"Potorti","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potort\u00ec, F., Crivello, A., Barsocchi, P., and Palumbo, F. (2018, January 24\u201327). Evaluation of indoor localisation systems: Comments on the ISO\/IEC 18305 standard. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN), Nantes, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2018.8533710"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5134\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:44:22Z","timestamp":1760139862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s22145134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22145134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]}}}