{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:49:18Z","timestamp":1760230158069,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]],"date-time":"2022-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main analyzed aspect of lithium-ion battery (LIB) degradation so far has been capacity fading. On the other hand, interest in efficiency degradation has also increased in recent years. Battery aggregation, which is expected to absorb the surplus of variable renewable energies such as photovoltaic energy, is affected by efficiency degradation in terms of the decreases in the economic gain and renewable energy use. Reusable LIBs could be used as aggregation components in the future; naturally, the variety of charge\u2013discharge efficiencies might be more complex. To improve the operation efficiency of aggregation, including that obtained using reusable LIBs, we propose the Kalman-filter-based quasi-unsupervised learning of the characteristic profiles of LIBs. This method shows good accuracy in the estimation of charge\u2013discharge energy. It should be emphasized that there are no reports of charge\u2013discharge energy estimation using the Kalman filter. In addition, this study shows that the incorrect open-circuit voltage function for the state of charge, which is assumed in the case of a reused battery, could be applied as the reference for the Kalman filter for LIB state estimation. In summary, it is expected that this diagnosis method could contribute to the economic and renewable energy usage improvement of battery aggregation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1657497981000},"page":"5156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Kalman-Filter-Based Learning of Characteristic Profiles of Lithium-Ion Batteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Masahito","family":"Arima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development Strategy Department, Daiwa Can Company, Sagamihara 252-5183, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development Strategy Department, Daiwa Can Company, Sagamihara 252-5183, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IRENA (2022, April 18). 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