{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T04:03:41Z","timestamp":1782187421899,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]],"date-time":"2022-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan","award":["MOST 111-2218-E-305-001-MBK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2218-E-305-001-MBK"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan","award":["MOST 110-2410-H-324-004-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2410-H-324-004-MY2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart devices have become an essential part of the architectures such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), and Internet of Everything (IoE). In contrast, these architectures constitute a system to realize the concept of smart cities and, ultimately, a smart planet. The adoption of these smart devices expands to different cyber-physical systems in smart city architecture, i.e., smart houses, smart healthcare, smart transportation, smart grid, smart agriculture, etc. The edge of the network connects these smart devices (sensors, aggregators, and actuators) that can operate in the physical environment and collects the data, which is further used to make an informed decision through actuation. Here, the security of these devices is immensely important, specifically from an authentication standpoint, as in the case of unauthenticated\/malicious assets, the whole infrastructure would be at stake. We provide an updated review of authentication mechanisms by categorizing centralized and distributed architectures. We discuss the security issues regarding the authentication of these IoT-enabled smart devices. We evaluate and analyze the study of the proposed literature schemes that pose authentication challenges in terms of computational costs, communication overheads, and models applied to attain robustness. Hence, lightweight solutions in managing, maintaining, processing, and storing authentication data of IoT-enabled assets are an urgent need. From an integration perspective, cloud computing has provided strong support. In contrast, decentralized ledger technology, i.e., blockchain, light-weight cryptosystems, and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based solutions, are the areas with much more to explore. Finally, we discuss the future research challenges, which will eventually help address the ambiguities for improvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1657497981000},"page":"5168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["A Comparative Analysis on Blockchain versus Centralized Authentication Architectures for IoT-Enabled Smart Devices in Smart Cities: A Comprehensive Review, Recent Advances, and Future Research Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8550-1557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usman","family":"Khalil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4888-5448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Owais Ahmed","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei"},{"name":"Institute of Applied Data Analytics, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1919-3407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mueen","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha 24449, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4958-2043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin-Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun 130600, China"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41349, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cisco (2020). 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