{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T12:06:12Z","timestamp":1782475572999,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41974195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61861031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61861031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data technologies are becoming increasingly significant parts of national defense and the military, as well as in the civilian usage. The proper deployment of large-scale wireless sensor network (WSN) provides the foundation for these advanced technologies. Based on the Fruchterman\u2013Reingold graph layout, we propose the Fruchterman\u2013Reingold Hexagon (FR-HEX) algorithm for the deployment of WSNs. By allocating edges of hexagonal topology to sensor nodes, the network forms hexagonal network topology. A comprehensive evaluation of 50 simulations is conducted, which utilizes three evaluation metrics: average moving distance, pair correlation diversion (PCD), and system coverage rate. The FR-HEX algorithm performs consistently, the WSN topologies are properly regulated, the PCD values are below 0.05, and the WSN system coverage rate reaches 94%. Simulations involving obstacles and failed nodes are carried out to explore the practical applicability of the FR-HEX algorithm. In general, the FR-HEX algorithm can take full advantage of sensors\u2019 hardware capabilities in the deployment. It may be a viable option for some IoT and Big Data applications in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T03:50:36Z","timestamp":1657597836000},"page":"5179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Fruchterman\u2013Reingold Hexagon Empowered Node Deployment in Wireless Sensor Network Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"School of Information and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0154-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongxin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"School of Information and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiming","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"China Academy of Information and Communications Technology (Jiangxi) Science and Technology Innovation Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weichao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usun Miscroelectronics, Nanchang 330072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144029","article-title":"A comprehensive review of plume source detection using unmanned vehicles for environmental sensing","volume":"762","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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