{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:10:59Z","timestamp":1775837459905,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005911","name":"Najran University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ADC1654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ADC1654"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An ultrawide bandwidth (UWB) antenna for ground-penetrating radar (GPR) applications is designed to check soil moisture and provide good-quality images of metallic targets hidden in the soil. GPR is a promising technology for detecting and identifying buried objects, such as landmines, and investigating soil in terms of moisture content and contamination. A paddle-shaped microstrip antenna is created by cutting a rectangular patch at one of its diametrical edges fed by the coplanar waveguide technique. The antenna is loaded by stubs, shorting pins, and a split-ring resonator (SRR) metamaterial structure to increase the antenna\u2019s gain and enhance the bandwidth (BW) towards both the lower and higher end of the working BW. The antenna\u2019s performance in soil inspection is studied in terms of the operating frequency range, different types of soil, different distances (e.g., 50 cm) between the antenna arrays and soil, S-parameters, and gain. Following this, the antenna\u2019s ability to find a metallic target in the soil is tested, considering different array numbers, multi-targets, and locations. The antenna is designed on a thin layer of economic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrate with dimensions 50 \u00d7 39 \u00d7 0.508 mm3 and works in the frequency range 1.9\u20139.2 GHz. In addition, two more resonances at 0.9 and 1.8 GHz are also achieved; hence, the antenna works for more than two application bands, such as the ISM- and L-bands. The measurement results validated excellent agreement with the simulated results. Furthermore, the recommended antenna offering a high gain of about 10.8 dBi and maximum efficiency above 97% proved able to discriminate between hidden objects and even recognize their shapes. Moreover, the reconstructed images show that the antenna can detect an object in the soil at any location.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T03:50:36Z","timestamp":1657597836000},"page":"5183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["High Gain Compact UWB Antenna for Ground Penetrating Radar Detection and Soil Inspection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0995-3364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tale","family":"Saeidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microwave Antenna, Device and Systems (MADs) Laboratory, 413 LG Reserach Bldg., 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang-si 37673, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"},{"name":"Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Bah\u00e7e\u015fehir University, Istanbul 34353, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4740-0872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam R. H.","family":"Alhawari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0697-6103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulkarem H. M.","family":"Almawgani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9579-9115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Turki","family":"Alsuwian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4743-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Ali","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communications Sensing and Imaging Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7097-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qammer","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communications Sensing and Imaging Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zeng, Y., Guo, C., Lin, X., and Yang, X. 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