{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:49:31Z","timestamp":1760230171267,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Robotics Program under its Robotics Enabling Capabilities and Technologies","award":["1922500051","192 22 00058","1922200108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1922500051","192 22 00058","1922200108"]}]},{"name":"National Robotics Program under its Robot Domain Specific","award":["1922500051","192 22 00058","1922200108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1922500051","192 22 00058","1922200108"]}]},{"name":"National Robotics Program under its Robotics Domain Specific","award":["1922500051","192 22 00058","1922200108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1922500051","192 22 00058","1922200108"]}]},{"name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","award":["1922500051","192 22 00058","1922200108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1922500051","192 22 00058","1922200108"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cleaning is an important task that is practiced in every domain and has prime importance. The significance of cleaning has led to several newfangled technologies in the domestic and professional cleaning domain. However, strategies for auditing the cleanliness delivered by the various cleaning methods remain manual and often ignored. This work presents a novel domestic dirt image dataset for cleaning auditing application including AI-based dirt analysis and robot-assisted cleaning inspection. One of the significant challenges in an AI-based robot-aided cleaning auditing is the absence of a comprehensive dataset for dirt analysis. We bridge this gap by identifying nine classes of commonly occurring domestic dirt and a labeled dataset consisting of 3000 microscope dirt images curated from a semi-indoor environment. The dirt dataset gathered using the adhesive dirt lifting method can enhance the current dirt sensing and dirt composition estimation for cleaning auditing. The dataset\u2019s quality is analyzed by AI-based dirt analysis and a robot-aided cleaning auditing task using six standard classification models. The models trained with the dirt dataset were capable of yielding a classification accuracy above 90% in the offline dirt analysis experiment and 82% in real-time test results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T23:02:01Z","timestamp":1657666921000},"page":"5201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Toward a Comprehensive Domestic Dirt Dataset Curation for Cleaning Auditing Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4010-570X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thejus","family":"Pathmakumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6504-1530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohan Rajesh","family":"Elara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1137-3385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shreenhithy V","family":"Soundararajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3243-9814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balakrishnan","family":"Ramalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, June 05). 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