{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T07:21:42Z","timestamp":1763018502336,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-19-1-2673"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-19-1-2673"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Microsoft Research Fellowship","award":["N00014-19-1-2673"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-19-1-2673"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon\u2013polymer composite-based pressure sensors have many attractive features, including low cost, easy integration, and facile fabrication. Previous studies on carbon\u2013polymer composite sensors focused on very high sensitivities for low pressure ranges (10 s of kPa), which saturate quickly at higher pressures and thus are ill-suited to measure the high pressure ranges found in various applications, including those in underwater (&gt;1 atm, 101 kPa) and industrial environments. Current sensors designed for high pressure environments are often difficult to fabricate, expensive, and, similarly to their low-pressure counterparts, have a narrow sensing range. To address these issues, this work reports the design, synthesis, characterization, and analysis of high-pressure TPU-MWCNT based composite sensors, which detect pressures from 0.5 MPa (4.9 atm) to over 10 MPa (98.7 atm). In this study, the typical approach to improve sensitivity by increasing conductive additive concentration was found to decrease sensor performance at elevated pressures. It is shown that a better approach to elevated pressure sensitivity is to increase sensor response range by decreasing the MWCNT weight percentage, which improves sensing range and resolution. Such sensors can be useful for measuring high pressures in many industrial (e.g., manipulator feedback), automotive (e.g., damping elements, bushings), and underwater (e.g., depth sensors) applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T01:57:11Z","timestamp":1657850231000},"page":"5268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Soft CNT-Polymer Composites for High Pressure Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2784-3860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adebayo","family":"Eisape","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2354-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"Rennoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Van Volkenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Exploratory Development Department (REDD), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Exploratory Development Department (REDD), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9156-3348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Hoon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute (HEMI), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-15-00080.1","article-title":"A Global Ocean Observing System for Measuring Sea Level Atmospheric Pressure: Effects and Impacts on Numerical Weather Prediction","volume":"98","author":"Centurioni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. 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