{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T02:06:44Z","timestamp":1773886004646,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico","award":["5718.19-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5718.19-P"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photosynthesis is a vital process for the planet. Its estimation involves the measurement of different variables and its processing through a mathematical model. This article presents a black-box mathematical model to estimate the net photosynthesis and its digital implementation. The model uses variables such as: leaf temperature, relative leaf humidity, and incident radiation. The model was elaborated with obtained data from Capsicum annuum L. plants and calibrated using genetic algorithms. The model was validated with Capsicum annuum L. and Capsicum chinense Jacq. plants, achieving average errors of 3% in Capsicum annuum L. and 18.4% in Capsicum chinense Jacq. The error in Capsicum chinense Jacq. was due to the different experimental conditions. According to evaluation, all correlation coefficients (Rho) are greater than 0.98, resulting from the comparison with the LI-COR Li-6800 equipment. The digital implementation consists of an FPGA for data acquisition and processing, as well as a Raspberry Pi for IoT and in situ interfaces; thus, generating a useful net photosynthesis device with non-invasive sensors. This proposal presents an innovative, portable, and low-scale way to estimate the photosynthetic process in vivo, in situ, and in vitro, using non-invasive techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T01:57:11Z","timestamp":1657850231000},"page":"5275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Black-Box Mathematical Model for Net Photosynthesis Estimation and Its Digital IoT Implementation Based on Non-Invasive Techniques: Capsicum annuum L. Study Case"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0787-212X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luz del Carmen","family":"Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8390-3552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Prado-Olivarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4427-6749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cuerpo Acad\u00e9mico de Ingenier\u00eda de Biosistemas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Queretaro 76010, Queretaro, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Heil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5748-7097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u00f3n Gerardo","family":"Guevara-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cuerpo Acad\u00e9mico de Ingenier\u00eda de Biosistemas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Queretaro 76010, Queretaro, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7363-3349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Diaz-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"L\u00f3pez-Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Diego de Jes\u00fas","family":"Padierna-Arvizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1758-4212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Espinosa-Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Center for Optimization and Development of Equipment, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Celaya 38020, Guanajuato, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guevara-Gonzalez, R., and Torres-Pacheco, I. (2014). Mathematical Modeling of Biosystems. Biosystems Engineering: Biofactories for Food Production in the Century XXI, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-03880-3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2009.06.006","article-title":"Calibration of a Greenhouse Climate Model Using Evolutionary Algorithms","volume":"104","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00386231","article-title":"A Biochemical Model of Photosynthetic CO2 Assimilation in Leaves of C3 Species","volume":"149","author":"Farquhar","year":"1980","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"528","article-title":"Relationship between Leaf Temperature and Photosynthetic Carbon in Capsicum Annuum L. in Controlled Climates","volume":"71","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sci. Ind. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2012.03.021","article-title":"A Mechanistic Model of Photosynthesis in Microalgae Including Photoacclimation Dynamics","volume":"304","author":"Merchuck","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3800(94)90098-1","article-title":"Mathematical Simulation of C4 Grass Photosynthesis in Ambient and Elevated CO2","volume":"73","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"19","article-title":"A Model Analysis of the Photosynthetic Response of Vitis vinifera L. Cvs Riesling and Chasselas Leaves in the Field: I. Interaction of Age, Light and Temperature","volume":"39","author":"Zufferey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vitis"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(02)00171-0","article-title":"Scaling the Spatial Distribution of Photosynthesis from Leaf to Canopy in a Plant Growth Chamber","volume":"156","author":"Boonen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-007-0110-5","article-title":"A New Model for Relationship between Irradiance and the Rate of Photosynthesis in Oryza Sativa","volume":"45","author":"Ye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laisk, A., Nedbal, L. (2009). Modeling the Temperature Dependence of C3 Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis In Silico: Understanding Complexity from Molecules to Ecosystems, Springer. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9237-4"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"LI-COR (2022, February 11). Using the LI-6800, Portable Photosynthesis: User Manual. LI-6800 Instruction Manuals. Available online: https:\/\/www.licor.com\/env\/support\/LI-6800\/manuals.html."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, W., White, J.W., and Wang, E. (2009). Complete Parameterization of Photosynthesis Models\u2014An Example for Barley. Proceedings of the Crop Modeling and Decision Support, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-01132-0"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcq183","article-title":"A Model of Canopy Photosynthesis Incorporating Protein Distribution through the Canopy and Its Acclimation to Light, Temperature and CO2","volume":"106","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-011-2242-3","article-title":"Ozone Exposure Causes a Decoupling of Conductance and Photosynthesis: Implications for the Ball-Berry Stomatal Conductance Model","volume":"169","author":"Lombardozzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12098","article-title":"Steady-State Models of Photosynthesis","volume":"36","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.05.024","article-title":"Remotely Estimating Photosynthetic Capacity, and Its Response to Temperature, in Vegetation Canopies Using Imaging Spectroscopy","volume":"167","author":"Serbin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2016.02.022","article-title":"A Coupled Model of Leaf Photosynthesis, Stomatal Conductance, and Leaf Energy Balance for Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora)","volume":"123","author":"Janka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearcy, R.W., Ehleringer, J.R., Mooney, H.A., and Rundel, P.W. (2000). Photosynthesis: Principles and Field Techniques. Plant Physiological Ecology: Field Methods and Instrumentation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-9013-1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1039\/b501536g","article-title":"Materials for Fluorescence-Based Optical Chemical Sensors","volume":"15","author":"Wolfbeis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"7340","article-title":"Advantages and Disadvantages on Photosynthesis Measurement Techniques: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Troncoso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3054.2003.00055.x","article-title":"Measurements of Photosynthesis and Respiration in Plants","volume":"117","author":"Hunt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00368966","article-title":"A New Type of Climatized Gas Exchange Chamber for Net Photosynthesis and Transpiration Measurements in the Field","volume":"10","author":"Schulze","year":"1972","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00740-7","article-title":"Handmade Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Sensors for Monitoring the Photosynthesis Process as Instruction Material for Science Education","volume":"77","author":"Takahashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2006.881063","article-title":"Kinetic Analysis of Carbon-11-Labeled Carbon Dioxide for Studying Photosynthesis in a Leaf Using Positron Emitting Tracer Imaging System","volume":"53","author":"Kawachi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., M\u00f8ller, I.M., and Murphy, A. (2015). Plant Physiology and Development, University of California."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Hermand, J.-P. (2004, January 9\u201312). Photosynthesis of Seagrasses Observed in Situ from Acoustic Measurements. Proceedings of the Oceans \u201904 MTS\/IEEE Techno-Ocean \u201904, Kobe, Japan. IEEE Cat. No.04CH37600."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Azcon-Bieto, J., and Tal\u00f3n, M. (2000). Fundamentos de Fisiolog\u00eda Vegetal, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Description of Photosynthesis Measurement Methods in Green Plants Involving Optical Techniques, Advantages and Limitations","volume":"4","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10265-016-0816-1","article-title":"Photosynthetic Response to Fluctuating Environments and Photoprotective Strategies under Abiotic Stress","volume":"129","author":"Yamori","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-1571(72)90045-3","article-title":"Test of Current Definitions of Photosynthetically Active Radiation against Leaf Photosynthesis Data","volume":"10","author":"McCree","year":"1972","journal-title":"Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2001.2413","article-title":"Photosynthesis\u2013Irradiance Response at Physiological Level: A Mechanistic Model","volume":"213","author":"Han","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Vega, M.C., Vivas, P.O., Rios, C.M., Luis, C.G., Mart\u00edn, B.C., and Seco, A.H. (2015). Las Tecnolog\u00edas IOT Dentro de la Industria Conectada: Internet of Things, EOI Escuela de Organizaci\u00f3n Industrial."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1127(94)90042-6","article-title":"Leaf-Level Responses to Light and Temperature in Two Co-Occurring Quercus (Fagaceae) Species: Implications for Tree Distribution Patterns","volume":"68","author":"Hamerlynck","year":"1994","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2007.01682.x","article-title":"The Temperature Response of C3 and C4 Photosynthesis","volume":"30","author":"Sage","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07031","article-title":"Subtropical to Boreal Convergence of Tree-Leaf Temperatures","volume":"454","author":"Helliker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205336","article-title":"Photosynthesis, Reorganized","volume":"332","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2009.08.005","article-title":"Chilli Peppers\u2014A Review on Tissue Culture and Transgenesis","volume":"28","author":"Kothari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Steiner, A.A. (May, January 29). The Universal Nutrient Solution. Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Soilless Culture, Lunteren, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2011.03.0144","article-title":"Photosynthetic Consequences of Late Leaf Spot Differ between Two Peanut Cultivars with Variable Levels of Resistance","volume":"51","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2008.09.007","article-title":"Juvenile Rhus Glabra Leaves Have Higher Temperatures and Lower Gas Exchange Rates than Mature Leaves When Compared in the Field during Periods of High Irradiance","volume":"166","author":"Snider","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2022, February 15). Caron Environmental Test Chambers. Available online: https:\/\/www.manualslib.com\/manual\/1370415\/Caron-6010.html?page=2#manual."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Tap, F. (2000). Economics-Based Optimal Control of Greenhouse Tomato Crop Production, Wageningen University and Research."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Van Henten, E.J. (1994). Greenhouse Climate Management: An Optical Control Approach, Wageningen University and Research."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eiben, A.E., and Smith, J.E. (2015). Introduction to Evolutionary Computing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44874-8"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Michalewicz, Z., and Fogel, D.B. (2013). How to Solve It: Modern Heuristics, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"The MathWorks, Inc. (2022, February 18). MATLAB\u2014El Lenguaje del C\u00e1lculo T\u00e9cnico. Available online: https:\/\/la.mathworks.com\/products\/matlab.html."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Moore, H. (2012). MATLAB for Engineers, Pearson Prentice Hall. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2021, June 20). Texas Instruments Incorporated, TMP006\/B Infrared Thermopile Sensor in Chip-Scale Package. Available online: https:\/\/www.findic.us\/doc\/browser\/bLXq9kwex?doc_id=91490930#locale=en-US."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2021, January 01). Sensirion, Datasheet SHT7x (SHT71, SHT75) Humidity and Temperature Sensor IC. Available online: https:\/\/www.mouser.com\/datasheet\/2\/682\/Sensirion_Humidity_SHT7x_Datasheet_V5-469726.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2022, March 08). Texas Advanced Optoelectronic Solutions, TSL230RD, TSL230ARD, TSL230BRD, Programmable Light-Frequency Converters. Available online: https:\/\/www.mouser.com\/datasheet\/2\/588\/TSL230RDTSL230ARDTSL230BRD-P-519226.pdf."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"UNI-T (2022, March 08). UNI-T Voltage Meter, Multimeter, Oscilloscope. Available online: https:\/\/www.uni-trend.com\/meters\/html\/product\/Environmental\/Environmental_Tester\/A10T_Temperature\/A12T.html."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Fluke Corporation (2022, March 08). Term\u00f3metro de Infrarrojos sin Contacto. Term\u00f3metros IR de Contacto. Available online: https:\/\/www.fluke.com\/es-mx\/productos\/medicion-de-temperatura\/termometros-infrarrojos."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Electronica Steren (2022, March 08). Medidor Digital de Luminosidad (Lux\u00f3metro). Available online: https:\/\/www.steren.com.mx\/medidor-digital-de-luminosidad-luxometro-her-408.html."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2013.04.009","article-title":"FPGA-Based Wireless Smart Sensor for Real-Time Photosynthesis Monitoring","volume":"95","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18650","DOI":"10.3390\/s141018650","article-title":"FPGA-Based Smart Sensor for Drought Stress Detection in Tomato Plants Using Novel Physiological Variables and Discrete Wavelet Transform","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8316","DOI":"10.3390\/s100908316","article-title":"FPGA-Based Fused Smart Sensor for Real-Time Plant-Transpiration Dynamic Estimation","volume":"10","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.08.005","article-title":"FPGA-Based Chlorophyll Fluorescence Measurement System with Arbitrary Light Stimulation Waveform Using Direct Digital Synthesis","volume":"75","year":"2015","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Altera Corporation (2022, February 18). Altera Cyclone II Reference Manual (Page 14 of 56). ManualsLib. Available online: https:\/\/www.manualslib.com\/manual\/1497884\/Altera-Cyclone-Ii.html?page=14#manual."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Raspberry Pi Foundation (2022, February 18). Raspberry Pi Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.com\/documentation\/."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n, A.E., Mendoza, B.G.R., Del Carmen Garc\u00eda Rodr\u00edguez, L., L\u00f3pez Romero, F.A., Olivarez, J.P., Licea, M.A.R., Carmona, J.D., Cruz, R.G., and Tavera, V.M. (2021, January 10\u201312). A Reconfigurable IoT System for the Measurement of Greenhouse Variables. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Autumn Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC), Ixtapa, Mexico.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROPEC53248.2021.9668088"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Barba, C.J.B. (2019, January 3\u20134). Seguimiento de datos en tiempo real con Apache Kafka en Raspberry pi 3; Caso Pr\u00e1ctico: IoT Floricultura. Proceedings of the [2019-MADRID] Congreso Internacional de Tecnolog\u00eda, Ciencia y Sociedad, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priyadarshana, K., Manchanayaka, M.A.L.S.K., and Sudantha, B.H. (2020, January 6\u20138). IoT Based Greenhouse System for Tropical Countries. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Image Processing and Robotics (ICIP), Negombo, Srilanka.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP48927.2020.9367350"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widyawati, D.K., Ambarwari, A., and Wahyudi, A. (2020, January 10). Design and Prototype Development of Internet of Things for Greenhouse Monitoring System. Proceedings of the 2020 3rd International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems (ISRITI), Yogyakarta, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISRITI51436.2020.9315487"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danita, M., Mathew, B., Shereen, N., Sharon, N., and Paul, J.J. (2018, January 14\u201315). IoT Based Automated Greenhouse Monitoring System. Proceedings of the 2018 Second International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS), Madurai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCONS.2018.8662911"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"86","article-title":"Normas de Comunicaci\u00f3n en Serie: RS-232, RS-422 y RS-485","volume":"9","author":"Saboya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Ingenio Libre"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorek, A., and Majewski, J. (2018). Humidity Measurement in Carbon Dioxide with Capacitive Humidity Sensors at Low Temperature and Pressure. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082615"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Python Software Foundation (2022, February 18). Welcome to Python.Org. Available online: https:\/\/www.python.org\/."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Oracle Corporation and\/or Its Affiliates (2022, February 18). MySQL Workbench. Available online: https:\/\/www.mysql.com\/products\/workbench\/."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2022, February 18). Contributors PhpMyAdmin. Available online: https:\/\/www.phpmyadmin.net\/."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.35381\/r.k.v5i9.648","article-title":"Implementaci\u00f3n del bootstrap como una metodolog\u00eda \u00e1gil en la web","volume":"5","author":"Lara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Arbitr. Interdiscip. Koinon\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1296","article-title":"Implementaci\u00f3n en fpga de sensor de temperatura y humedad relativa para una futura plataforma de monitoreo ambiental","volume":"38","author":"Medina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pist. Educ."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Venkateswaran, P., Mukherjee, M., Sanyal, A., Das, S., and Nandi, R. (2009, January 14\u201316). Design and Implementation of FPGA Based Interface Model for Scale-Free Network Using I2C Bus Protocol on Quartus II 6.0. Proceedings of the 2009 4th International Conference on Computers and Devices for Communication (CODEC), Kolkata, India."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10265-008-0146-z","article-title":"Characteristics of Leaf Photosynthesis and Simulated Individual Carbon Budget in Primula Nutans under Contrasting Light and Temperature Conditions","volume":"121","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Plant Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-013-9857-7","article-title":"Models and Measurements of Energy-Dependent Quenching","volume":"116","author":"Zaks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-011-9680-y","article-title":"Adaptation of Photosystem II to High and Low Light in Wild-Type and Triazine-Resistant Canola Plants: Analysis by a Fluorescence Induction Algorithm","volume":"108","author":"Vredenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.11.012","article-title":"A Review on Numerous Modeling Approaches for Effective, Economical and Ecological Treatment Wetlands","volume":"92","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3390\/s7010052","article-title":"A Non-Invasive and Real-Time Monitoring of the Regulation of Photosynthetic Metabolism Biosensor Based on Measurement of Delayed Fluorescence in Vivo","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5275\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:50:23Z","timestamp":1760140223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s22145275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22145275","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]}}}