{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:51:16Z","timestamp":1760230276579,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]],"date-time":"2022-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"Distributed Synchronization for Peer-to-Peer Networks","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECCS-1824379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-1824379"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) mesh networks enable diverse communication for the Internet of Things (IoT). However, existing BLE mesh implementations cannot simultaneously achieve low-power operation, symmetrical communication, and scalability. A major limitation of mesh networks is the inability of the BLE stack to handle network-scalable time synchronization. Pulse-coupled oscillators (PCOs) have been studied extensively and are able to achieve fast and reliable synchronization across a range of applications and network topologies. This paper presents a lightweight physical (PHY) layer accelerator to the BLE stack that enables scalable synchronization command with a PCO. The accelerator is a fully digital solution that can be synthesized with only the standard cells available in any silicon technology. This paper provides a detailed analysis of PCO-based BLE mesh networks and explores per-node system-level requirements. Finally, the analytical results are validated with measurements of a custom radio node based on the ubiquitous AD9364 transceiver.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T01:53:22Z","timestamp":1658109202000},"page":"5324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PCO-Based BLE Mesh Accelerator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3675-6486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Bukreyev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0805-1975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazal","family":"Y\u00fcksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eridan Communications Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Apsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8182","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2935189","article-title":"IoT: Internet of Threats? 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