{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T23:04:23Z","timestamp":1778799863599,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]],"date-time":"2022-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001588","name":"Enterprise Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CF-2021-1729-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF-2021-1729-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001588","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001588","name":"Enterprise Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201506210089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201506210089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001588","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001588","name":"Enterprise Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201608300005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201608300005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001588","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001588","name":"Enterprise Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202108300040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202108300040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001588","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The China Scholarship Council","award":["CF-2021-1729-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF-2021-1729-I"]}]},{"name":"The China Scholarship Council","award":["201506210089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201506210089"]}]},{"name":"The China Scholarship Council","award":["201608300005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201608300005"]}]},{"name":"The China Scholarship Council","award":["202108300040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202108300040"]}]},{"name":"Trinity College Dublin Provost PhD Project Award","award":["CF-2021-1729-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF-2021-1729-I"]}]},{"name":"Trinity College Dublin Provost PhD Project Award","award":["201506210089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201506210089"]}]},{"name":"Trinity College Dublin Provost PhD Project Award","award":["201608300005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201608300005"]}]},{"name":"Trinity College Dublin Provost PhD Project Award","award":["202108300040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202108300040"]}]},{"name":"School of Engineering Scholarship at Trinity College Dublin","award":["CF-2021-1729-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF-2021-1729-I"]}]},{"name":"School of Engineering Scholarship at Trinity College Dublin","award":["201506210089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201506210089"]}]},{"name":"School of Engineering Scholarship at Trinity College Dublin","award":["201608300005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201608300005"]}]},{"name":"School of Engineering Scholarship at Trinity College Dublin","award":["202108300040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202108300040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of a reusable and low-cost urine glucose sensor can benefit the screening and control of diabetes mellitus. This study focused on the feasibility of employing microbial fuel cells (MFC) as a selective glucose sensor for continuous monitoring of glucose levels in human urine. Using MFC technology, a novel cylinder sensor (CS) was developed. It had a quick response time (100 s), a large detection range (0.3\u20135 mM), and excellent accuracy. More importantly, the CS could last for up to 5 months. The selectivity of the CS was validated by both synthetic and actual diabetes-negative urine samples. It was found that the CS\u2019s selectivity could be significantly enhanced by adjusting the concentration of the culture\u2019s organic matter. The CS results were comparable to those of a commercial glucose meter (recovery ranged from 93.6% to 127.9%) when the diabetes-positive urine samples were tested. Due to the multiple advantages of high stability, low cost, and high sensitivity over urine test strips, the CS provides a novel and reliable approach for continuous monitoring of urine glucose, which will benefit diabetes assessment and control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T01:53:22Z","timestamp":1658109202000},"page":"5340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Microbe-Based Sensor for Long-Term Detection of Urine Glucose"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Dunzhu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunhong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0347-9737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeena","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Kehoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMBER Research Centre and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Romeral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMBER Research Centre and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"McCurtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4772-778X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yurii K.","family":"Gun\u2019ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"BEACON, Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0320-7547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E. G.","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMBER Research Centre and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"TrinityHaus, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.11.002","article-title":"Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035","volume":"103","author":"Guariguata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larpant, N., Kalambate, P.K., Ruzgas, T., and Laiwattanapaisal, W. (2021). Based competitive immunochromatography coupled with an enzyme-modified electrode to enable the wireless monitoring and electrochemical sensing of cotinine in urine. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051659"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Haleem, F.M., Mahmoud, S., Abdel-Ghani, N.E.T., El Nashar, R.M., Bechelany, M., and Barhoum, A. (2021). Polyvinyl chloride modified carbon paste electrodes for sensitive determination of levofloxacin drug in serum, urine, and pharmaceutical formulations. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093150"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.338387","article-title":"Selective colorimetric urine glucose detection by paper sensor functionalized with polyaniline nanoparticles and cell membrane","volume":"1158","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.130046","article-title":"A wearable self-powered biosensor system integrated with diaper for detecting the urine glucose of diabetic patients","volume":"341","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruen, D., Delaney, C., Florea, L., and Diamond, D. (2017). Glucose sensing for diabetes monitoring: Recent developments. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081866"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.09.090","article-title":"Highly sensitive on-site detection of glucose in human urine with naked eye based on enzymatic-like reaction mediated etching of gold nanorods","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1560-z","article-title":"Association of existing diabetes, gestational diabetes and glycosuria in pregnancy with macrosomia and offspring body mass index, waist and fat mass in later childhood: Findings from a prospective pregnancy cohort","volume":"53","author":"Lawlor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127997","article-title":"The influence of drinking water constituents on the level of microplastic release from plastic kettles","volume":"425","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132466","article-title":"Real-world natural passivation phenomena can limit microplastic generation in water","volume":"428","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Yang, L., Kavanagh, R., Xiao, L., Shi, Y., Kehoe, D.K., Sheerin, E.D., Gun\u2019ko, Y.K., Boland, J.J., and Wang, J.J. (2021). Sampling, identification and characterization of microplastics release from polypropylene baby feeding bottle during daily use. JoVE, e62545.","DOI":"10.3791\/62545"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andriukonis, E., Celiesiute-Germaniene, R., Ramanavicius, S., Viter, R., and Ramanavicius, A. (2021). From microorganism-based amperometric biosensors towards microbial fuel cells. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072442"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hilali, N., Mohammadi, H., Amine, A., Zine, N., and Errachid, A. (2020). Recent advances in electrochemical monitoring of chromium. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185153"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinovicius, A., Rozene, J., Merkelis, T., Bruzaite, I., Ramanavicius, A., and Morkvenaite-Vilkonciene, I. (2022). Evaluation of a yeast\u2013polypyrrole biocomposite used in microbial fuel cells. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22010327"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217412","article-title":"Conversion of wastes into bioelectricity and chemicals by using microbial electrochemical technologies","volume":"337","author":"Logan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2021.101984","article-title":"Understanding the current plummeting phenomenon in microbial fuel cells (MFCs)","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2166\/wrd.2020.064","article-title":"Performance of electrochemical oxidation over BDD anode for the treatment of different industrial dye-containing wastewater effluents","volume":"11","author":"Abdelhay","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Reuse Desalin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.12.021","article-title":"FePO 4 based single chamber air-cathode microbial fuel cell for online monitoring levofloxacin","volume":"91","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.06.050","article-title":"A small-scale air-cathode microbial fuel cell for on-line monitoring of water quality","volume":"62","author":"Thomson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128532","article-title":"Revisiting the bioelectrochemical system based biosensor for organic sensing and the prospect on constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell","volume":"264","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, J.H., Gao, Y., and Choi, S. (2019). A portable, single-use, paper-based microbial fuel cell sensor for rapid, on-site water quality monitoring. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245452"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.03.100149.002103","article-title":"The growth of bacterial cultures","volume":"3","author":"Monod","year":"1949","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00890-15","article-title":"Rethinking the hierarchy of sugar utilization in bacteria","volume":"198","author":"Beisel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclnm.2011.01.005","article-title":"Carbohydrate and fat utilization during rest and physical activity","volume":"6","author":"Melzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"e-SPEN Eur. E-J. Clin. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.08.042","article-title":"A novel bioelectrochemical BOD sensor operating with voltage input","volume":"46","author":"Modin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.02.005","article-title":"Complete nitrogen removal by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in flat-panel air-cathode microbial fuel cells treating domestic wastewater","volume":"316","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124462","article-title":"Characterising and control of ammonia emission in microbial fuel cells","volume":"389","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1021\/ez5002769","article-title":"Single-Step Fabrication Using a Phase Inversion Method of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) Activated Carbon Air Cathodes for Microbial Fuel Cells","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4040","DOI":"10.1021\/es0499344","article-title":"Electricity generation using an air-cathode single chamber microbial fuel cell in the presence and absence of a proton exchange membrane","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.08.059","article-title":"The performance of activated carbon treated with H3PO4 at 80\u00b0 C in the air-cathode microbial fuel cell","volume":"259","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122522","article-title":"Low-cost Fe\u2013N\u2013C catalyst derived from Fe (III)-chitosan hydrogel to enhance power production in microbial fuel cells","volume":"380","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5181","DOI":"10.1021\/es0605016","article-title":"Microbial fuel cells: Methodology and technology","volume":"40","author":"Logan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7880","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA13476A","article-title":"Facile and low-cost approach towards a PVDF ultrafiltration membrane with enhanced hydrophilicity and antifouling performance via graphene oxide\/water-bath coagulation","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7381","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2013.7861","article-title":"Preparation of carbon blacks by liquid phase plasma (LPP) process","volume":"13","author":"Yun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2009.12.016","article-title":"Development of mesoporous structure and high adsorption capacity of biomass-based activated carbon by phosphoric acid and zinc chloride activation","volume":"158","author":"Liou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2017.01.014","article-title":"Influence of enhanced carbon crystallinity of nanoporous graphite on the cathode performance of microbial fuel cells","volume":"115","author":"Xing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-003-1825-1","article-title":"Determination of antioxidant properties of aromatic herbs, olives and fresh fruit using an enzymatic sensor","volume":"375","author":"Campanella","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.01.050","article-title":"Microbial surface display of glucose dehydrogenase for amperometric glucose biosensor","volume":"45","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.10.109","article-title":"Mitigating external and internal cathode fouling using a polymer bonded separator in microbial fuel cells","volume":"249","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.06.087","article-title":"Electric field induced salt precipitation into activated carbon air-cathode causes power decay in microbial fuel cells","volume":"123","author":"An","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.064","article-title":"Short-term effects of temperature and COD in a microbial fuel cell","volume":"101","author":"Lobato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2016.08.007","article-title":"Modeling and validation of single-chamber microbial fuel cell cathode biofilm growth and response to oxidant gas composition","volume":"328","author":"Ou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70031-1","article-title":"Absolute and relative accuracy of rapid urine tests for urinary tract infection in children: A meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.5b00180","article-title":"Assessment of microbial fuel cell configurations and power densities","volume":"2","author":"Logan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901082","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201901082","article-title":"Lactose, maltose, and sucrose in health and disease","volume":"64","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy131","article-title":"The complex human urinary sugar profile: Determinants revealed in the cross-sectional KarMeN study","volume":"108","author":"Mack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105552","article-title":"Metabolism of circulating disaccharides in man and the rat","volume":"46","author":"Weser","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"167","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro NMR spectroscopy reveal a putative novel inborn error involving polyol metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Moolenaar","year":"2001","journal-title":"NMR Biomed. Int. J. Devoted Dev. Appl. Magn. Reson. In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52361","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA08717A","article-title":"PVDF layer as a separator on the solution-side of air-cathodes: The electricity generation, fouling and regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rsc Advances"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2013.760","article-title":"Preparation of a fouling-resistant sustainable cathode for a single-chambered microbial fuel cell","volume":"69","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.228264","article-title":"Simultaneously enhancing power density and coulombic efficiency with a hydrophobic Fe\u2013N4\/activated carbon air cathode for microbial fuel cells","volume":"465","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Power Sour."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1038\/485S14a","article-title":"India\u2019s diabetes time bomb","volume":"485","author":"Shetty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.7596","article-title":"Prevalence and ethnic pattern of diabetes and prediabetes in China in 2013","volume":"317","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5340\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:52:36Z","timestamp":1760140356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/14\/5340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s22145340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22145340","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]]}}}